한국   대만   중국   일본 
??????? - ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????

???????

?????????? : 37°23′16.54″N 121°57′48.74″W  /  37.3879278°N 121.9635389°W  / 37.3879278; -121.9635389
??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
Intel Corporation
??? ????
???????? :  INTC
SEHK : 4335
Euronext : INCO
???????? 1968 1
????????(???) Gordon E. Moore
??????? ??????
????????? 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara , ??????????? , ???????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ????? Worldwide
??????? ??????? Paul S. Otellini ( ??????? ????? ??????? )
Craig Barrett ( Chairman )
Sean M. Maloney (EVP; General Manager , Sales & Marketing Group, & Chief Sales & Marketing Officer)
?????????? ????????????
??????????? ????????????
?????? ????????
?????????? Chipsets
????? ?????? ???????????????
???????? Chipsets
???????? US$ 35.127 billion (2009) [1]
????? ???????? US$ 5.711 billion (2009) [1]
???? ???????? US$ 4.369 billion (2009) [1]
??????? ????????? US$ 53.095 billion (2009) [1]
????? ??????????? US$ 41.704 billion (2009) [1]
???????? 83,500 (2008) [1]
?????????? Intel.com
1 Incorporated in ??????????? in 1968, reincorporated in Delaware in 1989. [2]
???????

??????? ???????????? ( ???????? :  INTC ; SEHK : 4335 ; Euronext : INCO ) ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. [3] ??????????? ?????????????? x86 ????????? ???????????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ???? 18, 1968 ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? (??????????? "???????" ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????). ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????????????????, ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????????, ???????????????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????????. ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ????????????. 1990 ??? ?????????? ??????????? "??????? ???????" ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????.

??????? ???????? SRAM ??????? DRAM ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????, 1980 ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????. ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? 1971 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? (??.??) ??? ??????? ???????????????. 1990 ??? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????, ????????? AMD ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????. [4] [5] ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? 2009 ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 100 ??????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????????????? ??????? ??????? 4 ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? - 27 ??? ????????????????? 23 ??? ???????. [6]

???????, ???? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????. [7] [8]

?????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????? ???????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ?????? ??????, CA ?????? ??????? ??????????

??????? ???????? 1968 ??? ??????? ??????? ?. ???? ("?????? ????" ?????, ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ) ??????? ??????? ?????? (?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????) ????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? (Fairchild Semiconductor) ?????????????????? ????????. ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? (Silicon Valley) ????????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????. [9] ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? 1980 ??? ?????????? ?????????????????, ???? ???????? ?????? 1990 ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????. 1990 ??? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????. [ ???????? ???? ]

????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???? ????????????, ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????. [10] ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? (???? ????????) ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ?????? (????????) ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? INT egrated EL ectronics (????????????? ???????????????) ?????? ?????????? Intel (???????) [11] ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????, ???.??? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????. ???????????, ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????????. [12]

????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ???????? 21, 1968 ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????????. ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? 24, 1969 ???? ???? ??????????????????. [13] ??? 1968 ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????????.

??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 11, 1969 ??? ??????????. "??????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????" ???? ?????????????? USPTO ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????. INTEL ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? 15, 1971 ?????. [14] 40 ?????????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????.

???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????. ??? ???????????????????, ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (SRAM) ????????? ???????. 1970 ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????.

??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? (??????? 4004) 1971 ??? ?????????, ????? ???????????????? ????? 1972 ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????, [15] [16] 1980 ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ???????????, ???????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. 1983 ??? ???????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ?.??.??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????. ???????-??.?.? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????.

1980 ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ?.??.??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? 10-???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? (??????? ???? ?????????) ????????? ?????????? PC ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. 1990 ??? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????.

???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

2000 ??? ??????????? ???????, ????-???? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????????, ????????? AMD (???? ?????????? x86 ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????), ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ??????-???? ??????? ???-???? ?????????? ????????, ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????. [17] 2000 ??? ?????????? ???????????-??.?.? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????.

??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? (????????? ????????????) ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????. ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? 1984 ??? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? (???.?.?) ??????????????????. [18] 1980 ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, 1990 ??? ?????????? ?????? (?????? ?????? ???????????????) ??????? ?????????? 80386 CPU ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????????. [19] ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????. [19] 1990 ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? 1991 ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ???????? 2004 ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? 2005 ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ?.???.?? ?????? ??????.

2005 ??? ???????, ??.?.? ???? ?????????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? (????????, ????????? ????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????) ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????. ??? 20,000 ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ?????????? 2006 ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? 10,500 ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????? 10 ????? ??????????????? ???? 2006 ??? ??????? ??????????.

???????? ?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????, [17] [20] ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ???? "????-???? ??????" ????? ????????????????. ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????.

2006 ??? ???????, ??????? P6 ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? (die) ???????? ?????? (65 nm) ??????????. ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????????; [21] ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????????. ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????. [22] [23] ?????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? "????"?? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? 65 ????????? 45 ????.?? ???? ??????? ??????????????????, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ??????.

????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????. ????????, 1996 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? 6 ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????.

XScale ????? ??????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???? 27, 2006 ???, ??????????? XScale ????????????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? XScale ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? 600 ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????, ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? x86 ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????? 9, 2006 ??? ?????????????. [24]

????????? ??????? ????? ?????? [ ???? ]

SRAMS ??????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????-?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?????????? DRAM, SRAM ??????? ROM ?????????? 1970 ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??, ASIC??? ????????????? ????????????????. ??????? 4004 ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? 15, 1971 ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????? 1980 ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. (????????: ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????.)

DRAM ????????? ???????????? [ ???? ]

1983 ???, ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????, ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ????? 8086 ????????????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????.

??????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? AMD ????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????. 1980????? ????????? ??????? 1990????? PC ?????????? ??????? ????, ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????.

???????, x86 ???????? ??????? IBM PC [ ???? ]

??????? 8742 ??? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??? 8-???? ???????????????????, 12 MHz ??? ???????? CPU, 128 ???????????? RAM, 2048 ???????????? EPROM, ??????? ??? ?????????? I/O ????????? ????????????????.

????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????, 4004 ??????? ???? ????????????? 8008 ??????? 8080 ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????????, 8086 (??????? ???? ?????? 8088) 1978 ??? ???????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? "??????? ?????" ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? IBM PC ?????? ???????, ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????.

IBM ???? ??????? ??????? 1981 ??? ??????????????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????????. 1982 ???, ??????? 80286 ??????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? IBM PC/AT ??? ??????????????????. IBM PC "??????" ?????????????? ????????, 1985 ??? ?????? 80286 ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? 1986 ??? ????? 80386-?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????, ??? IBM ? ?????????????? PC-????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????.

1975 ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? 32-???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? 1981 ??? Intel iAPX 432 ?? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? x86 ?????????? 32 ????????????? ???????????. [25] [26]

386 ????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????, ???? ???? ??????????????? DRAM ???????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. 386 ????????????? "?????-??????" ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ???????, ????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ???????????????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????, ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. 8080 ??????? 8086-????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????, ???????? ??????? AMD ?????? ?????????????????. 386 ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????????????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????????????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ; ??????????, ??????; ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ; ?????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????????. 386 ? ???????? CPU ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? 386 ??? ????????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ????? ????????? ????-?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????-?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????, ??? ????????? 1990????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????.

486, ????????? ??????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????? 1989 ??? 486 ??????????? ??????????????????, 1990 ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, "P5" ??????? "P6" ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. P5 ?????? ???????? "??????? ??????????" ????? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. P5 ???? 1993 ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????????????????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? (486 ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????) ???????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????. 1995 ??? P6 ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? II ???? 1997 ??? ??????????. ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????.

?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? 1993 ??? ?????????????? x86 ?????????????? ??????????????, ??? "P7" ????? ?????????? ??????????????. ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ????? ???????-????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????. IA-64 64-???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ???? 2001 ??? ??????????????????????. ????????? x86 ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????, ??? AMD ?????? ???????????????????? ????? x86 ?????????????? 64-???? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ??? x86-64 ????? ?????????????? (??????? ??????? ???????? Intel 64 ???????? ??????????????????, ???????? EM64T ????? ????????????). 2009 ??? ???, ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????.

?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? (???????????? ????? P67 ??????? P68), ??? ????????? 4 ?? ?????????????????????.

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? 1994 ???, ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????.

???????? 1994 ???, ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? 30 ????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????. [27] ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? (?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? OS ??????????? ?????? ?????????), ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? "??????????? ??? ?????" ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????. 1994 ??? ???????????????? ????????? ???? , ? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? $500 ????????? ??????????? 1994 ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????.

?????????????????? "????????? ????????" ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????????. "??????? ???????" ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????? [ ????? ] ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ??? ???????? (??????????? ?????????????) ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. [28]

??????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????????: 1991 ??? ??????? "??????? ???????" ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. [29] ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????, ??? ???????? PC ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ???????: ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????, 1990????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? (CPU) ??????? ?????? (RAM) ????????? ??????????? ?????? PC "?????????????" ???????????????. [ ???????? ???? ] ?????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? PC ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????????? "?????? ??????" ???????? ??????????????? ??????????. [ ???????? ???? ] 1990 ????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??????? PC????????? 15% ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????????. [ ???????? ???? ]

1990????? ????, ??????????? ?????????????? ???? (IAL), PCI ???, PCI ?????????? (PCIe) ???, ?????????? ??????? ??? (USB), ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? [ ???????? ???? ] ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ????????. [ ?????????????? ] IAL ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????; ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? IAL ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????????.

??????, ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????: 2000 ??? ??????? ??????????? PC ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? PC ? ???????????. 1990????? ?????????, CPU ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????, "????-???? ???????" ???????? ??????????? ????, ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? 2000 ??? ??????????? ????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, [ ???????? ???? ] ????????? AMD ????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????, ????? ????????? ????????????? [ ???????? ???? ] ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? PC ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. [ ???????? ???? ]

x86 ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????????, ??? 1980????? ??????????? 1999 ????? FTC ????????????, ??????? 1997 ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? (DEC) ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????????? ????? ???????? (??? ???? [ ???????? ] ????????? ??????? 85% ?????? ????? 32-???? x86 ??????????????????? ???????????????????????) ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? (???? ????????? PC ????????????????? ?????? 338 ?????????? ?????? ???????) ?????????????? [30] , ??? ??? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????. [ ?????????????? ]

1995 ??? ??????? ??????? AMD ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ????, ??????????????? ??????? ???????? AMD ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, 1993 ??? i486 ??????? ????????? ????????????? AMD ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????. [31] ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ??? AMD ?????????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????, ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ???????????????? ???? 1996 ??? 33 ???????? ?????????? ????????. [32] [33]

??????? ????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???? 6, 2005 ???, ??????? CEO ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????PC ?????????????????? ??????? x86 ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????? ????PC ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? CPU????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? 10, 2006 ??? ???????????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? 2006 ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? Xserve ???????? ??????? 2006 ????????? ??????? Xeon ?????????????? ???????????????????, ?????? ??? ????????? Mac Pro ? ???? ?????????? ?????????????.

Core 2 Duo ????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

2007 ???, ???? ???????? ???? Core 2 Duo ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? (???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????). ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ?????????? ???? ??????????? "??????????????? ???????????" ????????????. [34] ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????. [35]

?????????? PC [ ???? ]

??????????? ?????????? PC ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????.

??????????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? 2006 ???, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 100,000 ??????????????? 200 ?????????????? ?????????????. ???? 2005 ??? ????? ???????? $38.8 ??????????????, ???? ?????????? 500 ????????? 49 ????????? ????????. INTC ??? ???? ?????? ???????? NASDAQ ??? ?????????????????. ???????? 2009 ??? ??? ???????-????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????. [36]

????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

1968 ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? CEO ?? ?????????, ?????? ????????? 1975 ??? ????-???????? ??????? ???? ?????????. 1979 ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?????? 1987 ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? CEO ???????? ?????????. 1998 ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????, ??? ???????????????. ?? 18, 2005 ???, ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???? IBM PC ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? CEO ?? ????????????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?? 2009 ???, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????????.

?????? ??????, ???????? ???????????, ????? ???????, ?????? ????, ???? ?????, ???? ?????????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???????, ???? ????, ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????. [37]

???????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 2006 ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? 20% ?????? ??????? ???????? GDP ??? 4.9% ?????? ???????????. [38]

??????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????. ??????????? CEO??? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????????????? 30 ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? CEO ???????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. ?? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? [ ???????? ???? ] .

??????? ???? CEO??? 65 ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????? 62 ??? ????? ????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? 58 ?????? ????? ????????. 57 ??????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? 65 ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????. 2005 ??? ?????? ???? 68 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????????.

???????????? ??? ???????? ?????; ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????????. ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? [ ???????? ???? ] . ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???????-????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????.

??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????. ????????????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????????? (???????? ??????? ??????? ?????), ????, ?????? ????, ??????? , ????????, ??????? , ??????????, ???????, ???????????? , ??????? , ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????. ????????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? , ??????????, ??????? , ???? ???????? , ??????, ???????? , ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. [39] ???????, ??????? 15,000 ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????????? ??????. [40] ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? 10,000 ????????????????? ????????? ???????????.

???????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???????, ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????. [41] ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ???????. 1994 ???, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????, ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????, [42] ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????, [43] ??? ??????????? ???? [44] ??????? ??????-???????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. [45] [46]

2002 ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? 100% ????????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????????? 2003 ??????? 2004 ?????????? ???????????????. ????????, ??????????? 2005 ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? 100 ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????.

????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????, ???? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. [47] 1997 ???, ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????. [ ???????? ???? ]

??????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????? ????, ??????? 1986 ? ??????? 2006

??????????? ????? ???????????? $85.67 ????????? (?? 11, 2009). ??? ???????????? NASDAQ ??? INTC ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????: ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????, S&P 500, NASDAQ-100, ??????? 1000 ????????, ??????? 1000 ?????????? ????????, SOX (PHLX ?????????????? ??????) ??????? GSTI ?????????? ????????.

???? 15, 2008 ???, ??????? ????????, 2008 ??? ??????? Q2 ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. [48]

????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????????? 1991 ??? ??????????????, [49] ??? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????. [50] ?????? ????? ?????-????????????? ??? ?????????????????????, ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? 130 ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ' ??????? ??????? ' ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? CEO?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????.

??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????. [ ???????? ???? ] ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????. [ ???????? ???? ]

????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???????? ????
??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????
1968?2005 1990?2003 ?????????? "??????? ???????" ????, 1990 ??? ??????????????????????.
2003?2005 ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????????? (Intel) ???? "e" ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????.
2005???????? ??? 2006?2009 ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? (Leap ahead) ????????. ????? ????????? inside ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????????.
2009???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????.

2006 ???, ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????, Viiv ?????? ??????? PC ??????? ???? ?????????? Intel vPro ????????? ???????????? ????????????????.

????? 2006 ??? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????????? ???? ????? ??????? P5 ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? (?????? ?????? P5 ??? 5 ???????? ?????????????) ??????????????????, ??? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? 386 ??????? 486 ??????????? ????????????? ????, ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. (??? ???????? IBM ??????? AMD ???? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????). ??????? ?????? ????????????????, ????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ???? 2 ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????????????.

??????? ???????????????????? 2009 ??? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????-????????- ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????. [51]

2008 ???, ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????. [52] ??????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????? 35% ????????????. [52]

?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????. ????????, ????? ??????? ???????????, [53] ??????? R.I.P ??????? ??????? [54] ????? ??????.

??? ???? [ ???? ]

????? D♭ D♭ G♭ D♭ A♭ ???????, ??? ????, ??????????, ????? ???????????????? ( ??? ???????? MP3 ?????? ????????????? 2009-05-10 at the ??????? ????????? ) ???????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? 1980????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. [55] ??? ????????? ????????? III, ????????? 4 ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????????.

???????? ????? [ ???? ]

2009 ??? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? vPro ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????. [56] ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? i7 ?? ?????? ???? i3 ?? ????????????????. [56] vPro ???????????? ??????? ???? i7 vPro ????? ?????? ?????? ???? i5 vPro ????? ??????? ????????????. [56]

2010 ??? ??????????? "Centrino" ??????????? WiMAX ??????? Wi-Fi ???????????????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ??? ?????? PC ???????????? ?????. [56] ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. [56]

IT ??????? 3: ??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

IT Manager 3: Unseen Forces|IT ??????? III: ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ??????????? IT ????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? IT ?????? ??????????????????. ??????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????. ????????, 2006 ??? ??????? MIT-?????? ????? X.org ????????? ??????? i965 ??????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? FreeBSD ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????, [57] ??? BSD-????? ?????????? ???? ????????????, ??? OpenBSD ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? 23, 2009 ??????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????. ??????? LessWatts.org ????????????????? ?????????????. [58]

???????????, 2005 ??? ??????? ????/???????? 2100, 2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG ??????? 3945ABG ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. [59] ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? Linspire-Linux ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. [60] OpenBSD ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? "??? ?????? ?????? ?????" ???????? ????? ????????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????????. [61] ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????.

????????????? ????? [ ???? ]

2003 ???, ??????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? 1.4 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????????, 2003 ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. [62] ???? ??????, ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????, ???????? , ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. [63] 2006 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? 1580 ???????????????? ??????? VOC ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????. [64]

?? ??????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????????. [65] ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????, ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ???????? 2009 ??? ???, ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????.

???? ???????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? 40 ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. [66]

FACE ??????? (??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????) ???? ???????????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. FACE ???????, 90 ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 40 ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [67] ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????. [68] FACE ??????? ?????????, 1995 ??? ???? 45 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????. [67] 1999 ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. [69]

?????? [ ???? ]

1980?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ?????? (1987 ??? 10 ??? ????????) ????????. 1991 ???, ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. AMD, ???????, ???????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????? ST????????????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????.

PC ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ??????????, ?????????, ??????????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? AMCC ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????, ???????, ??????????, ??????, ST????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????.

x86 ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? (AMD) ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ??? 1976 ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????-???? ????????????? ?????????????????: ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. [70] ???????????, AMD ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????-???? ???????????? ??????????????????. [71] ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????-????? x86 ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????.

????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????.

?????????? 2005 ???, ??????? AMD ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????, [72] ??? AMD ??? ?????????????????? ????????????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????????????, ??????? AMD ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????, ?????? AMD ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????. [73] ??????????? ???????????? ??? AMD ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????. [74] [75] ?????????? 2010 ??? ???? ???????????????????. [76]

???????? 2006 ???, ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. [77] ???? ????????? ???????? 2007 ??? ???????????????, ????? ??????? ???????????? 150 ????????? USD ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? 20 ????????? USD ????? ?????????? ????????????????????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? 10 ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. [78]

??????? 4, 2009 ???, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? "?????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????" ????????????????? ????????????????????.

??????? 12, 2009 ??????? ??????? AMD ??????? 5 ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? AMD ???? $1.25 ?????????, ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? AMD ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? [79] . ???????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????????????, "?????? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ???? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????" ????? ???????. [80] [81]

??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? [ ???? ]

??????? [ ???? ]

2005 ???, ??????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ??????? AMD ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????. [82] [83] [84] [85]

???????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? 2007 ???, ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. [86] ????? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, AMD ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? 2003 ?????? ???????????. [87] ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????. [88] ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????. [89]

???????? 2008 ???, ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????. [90] ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????, ???? ????? ???????????? 10% ??? ??????????? ??????????. [88] AMD ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????. [91] [92] ???? 2008 ???, EU ????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????. [93] ?? 2009 ???, ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? EU ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? €1.06 ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ($1.44 ?????????), ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????. ????, ????, HP, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????????, [94] ???? AMD ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. [94] [95] [96] ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????, ???? ??????????? "EU ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????" ???????????????????? ???????????. [94] ??????????? ????????, ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????. [94] ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????. [94]

?????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? 2007 ???, ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? 2006 ??? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????????????????, ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????????? 3% ??????? ??????? ???????????????. [97] ???? 2008, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? PC ???????????????????? AMD ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? $ 25.5 ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????. [98]

????????? [ ???? ]

????? 2008 ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. [99] ???? 2008 ???, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. [100] ???????? 2009 ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? 2010 ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? FTC ??????????. [101] [102] [103] [104]

??????? 2009 ???, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????. [105]

?????????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Intel Reports Fourth-Quarter and Annual Results" . ????????????? ???? 2007-11-05 . [ ??????????? ??????? ]
  2. ↑ "INTEL CORP (Form: 10-K, Received: 02/27/2006 06:02:42)" . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . 2005-12-31. Archived from the original on 2020-08-24 . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-05 .
  3. ↑ ?????? 2007 ??????????
  4. ↑ Goodin, Dan (1998-09-23). "Microsoft's holy war on Java" . news.com (CNET News.com) ??? ????????? ??????? 2020-03-28 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20200328055749/https://www.cnet.com/news/ . ??????? ????: 2008-01-07 .  
  5. ↑ Graham, Lea (1998-12-14). "USA versus Microsoft: the fourth week" . BBC News . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/04/98/microsoft/215645.stm . ??????? ????: 2008-01-07 .  
  6. ↑ "Brandz Ranking 2009" . Millward Brown Optimor . 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10 . ????????????? ???? 2009-05-20 .
  7. ↑ AFP (2008-08-21). "Intel cuts electric cords with wireless power system" . ????! ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-08-28 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060827/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080821/ts_afp/usitinternetenergychipcompanyintel . ??????? ????: 2008-08-22 .  
  8. ↑ Markoff, John (2008-08-21). "Intel moves to free gadgets of their recharging cords" . International Herald Tribune ( The New York Times Company ) ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-08-22 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080822143258/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/21/technology/21intel.php . ??????? ????: 2008-08-22 .  
  9. ↑ ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???. ????, ???? ?????? ???? ???????.
  10. ↑ "IDF Trancript: Interview with Gordon Moore" . Intel Corporation. 2007-08-18 . http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/idffall_2007/TranscriptMoore-Gelsinger.pdf . ??????? ????: 2009-07-29 .  
  11. ↑ " Intel Corporation ". ?????????????? ?????????????? . ???????????? 2008-11-26.  
  12. ↑ Theo Valich (2007-09-19). "Secret of Intel name revealed" . The Inquirer ??? ????????? ??????? 2012-06-29 ?????. ?????????????. . https://archive.today/20120629001528/http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=42469 . ??????? ????: 2007-09-19 .  
  13. ↑ http://www.trademarkia.com/intel-72310103.html
  14. ↑ http://www.trademarkia.com/intel-72325488.html
  15. ↑ Silberhorn, Gottfried. "Intel Intellec Series" . old-computers.com . OLD-COMPUTERS.COM. Archived from the original on 2010-07-27 . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-31 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( help )
  16. ↑ "A chronological list of Intel products. The products are sorted by date" (PDF) . Intel museum . Intel Corporation. 2005-07 . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-31 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |date= ( help )
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wong, Nicole (2006-07-31). "Intel Core 2 Duo a big leap in chip race" . Seattle Times . http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060731&slug=btintelchip31 . ??????? ????: 2009-10-15 .  
  18. ↑ ?????????? (???.????. ???. 425, 98 ???? ??????., 2 ???? ??????. (1984)) ????? ??????? ?????????????:

    ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ??????????; ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????. ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????? 1984 ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????????????. ...[??????] "?????? ????????" ?????????--???????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????.

    ?????????? ??????. v. ??????????? ???? ???????, ???. ?????????????????????????, 977 F.2d 1555, 17 (?????. ???. 1992). ?????? ?????, ?????????? , 21?22 (?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????).

  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "???? ?????? ????????", ?????? 29. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-471-40169-2 , ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-471-40169-8
  20. ↑ Shrout, Ryan (2006-03-08). "A Detailed Look at Intel's New Core Architecture" . PC Perspective ??? ????????? ??????? 2006-11-09 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20061109062027/http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=217&type=expert&pid=5 . ??????? ????: 2009-10-14 .   ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? "???????" ???? "?????? ??????".
  21. ↑ Krazit, Tom (2006-07-14). "Intel's Core 2 Duo lives up to hype" . ZDNet News ??? ????????? ??????? 2009-04-30 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20090430140419/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-148811.html . ??????? ????: 2009-10-15 .   ? ???????? CNET , ?????????? , ?????????? ??????????? ????? PC ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????.
  22. ↑ Sandhu, Tarinder (2006-07-14). "Intel Core 2 Duo/Extreme processor review" . Hexus technology news & reviews . http://www.hexus.net/content/item.php?item=6184 . ??????? ????: 2009-10-15 .  
  23. ↑ Schofield, Jack (2006-07-27). "Intel raises the bar as AMD drops prices in chip battle" . ?? ????????? . http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/jul/27/comment.insideit . ??????? ????: 2009-10-15 .  
  24. ↑ "Marvell buys Intel's handheld processor unit for $600 million" . eetimes.com (CMP Media LLC.). 2006-06-27 ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-09-29 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101919/http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=189601851 . ??????? ????: 2007-07-12 .  
  25. ↑ Maliniak, Lisa (21 October 2002). "Ten Notable Flops: Learning From Mistakes" . Electronic Design Online . ????????????? ???? 2007-11-27 .
  26. ↑ Dvorak, John C. (February 1997). "What Ever Happened to... Intel's Dream Chip?" . ????????????? ???? 2007-11-27 .
  27. ↑ Nicely, Dr. Thomas R. (1994-10-30). "Dr. Thomas Nicely's Pentium email" . Vince Emery Productions. Archived from the original on 2007-07-24 . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-12 .
  28. ↑ ??????, ??????? ????? ??????????, ???????; ????????? ??? ????????: ??? ?????????-???????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? , 2001, ???? ?????
  29. ↑ Richard S. Tedlow (2007). Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon . p. 256. ??????????? ?????????? ???   9781591841821 .
  30. ↑ McCausland, Richard (1993-05-24). "Counterpunch: Amx86 buyers get 'legal aid.' ? Advanced Micro Devices offers legal aid to manufactures of Amx86-based machines warned by Intel Corp. to take out patent licenses" . FindArticles (LookSmart Ltd.) ??? ????????? ??????? 2012-07-11 ?????. ?????????????. . https://archive.today/20120711223700/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EKF/is_n1964_v39/ai_13901771/ . ??????? ????: 2007-07-12 .  
  31. ↑ "Worker Pleads Not Guilty in Intel Spy Case" . ? ?????????? ?????? ( The New York Times Company ). 1995-10-20 . http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D81239F933A15753C1A963958260 . ??????? ????: 2007-07-12 .  
  32. ↑ "Ex-Intel Engineer Sentenced to Prison Term" . ? ?????????? ?????? ( The New York Times Company ). 1996-06-25 . http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E0DE1239F936A15755C0A960958260 . ??????? ????: 2007-07-12 .  
  33. ↑ "Ex-Intel employee pleads guilty ? Guillermo Gaede pleads guilty to stealing Intel trade secrets ? Industry Legal Issue" . findarticles.com (LookSmart, Ltd.). 1996-03-25 ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-03-10 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080310062012/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EKF/is_n2109_v42/ai_18135525 . ??????? ????: 2007-07-12 .  
  34. ↑ Bhagat, Nancy (2007-07-31). "Views@Intel ? Sprinter Ad (Blog post)" . blogs.intel.com . Intel Corporation. Archived from the original on 2007-08-20 . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-09 .
  35. ↑ MacDonald, Don. "Apologies from Intel for Sprinter Ad" . Intel Corporation . Archived from the original on 2008-02-02 . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-09 .
  36. ↑ Dan Nystedt (2009-02-24). "HP Overtakes Dell as Intel's Largest Customer" . PC World ??? ????????? ??????? 2009-02-25 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20090225204220/http://www.pcworld.com/article/160080/hp_overtakes_dell_as_intels_largest_customer.html . ??????? ????: 2009-02-24 .  
  37. ↑ "Intel Board of Directors" . ????????????? ???? 2007-09-15 .
  38. ↑ [89]
  39. ↑ "Intel Communities" . Intel . ????????????? ???? 2008-01-23 .
  40. ↑ ????, ????????. ???? ??? ??????'?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????. ????????????? 2016-03-04 at the ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? , ???????? 28, 2007.
  41. ↑ "Jobs at Intel ? Diversity" . intel.com . Intel Corporation . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-28 .
  42. ↑ "??????? ??, ?????????, ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ????" . Archived from the original on 2007-02-09 . ????????????? ???? 2010-04-06 .
  43. ↑ "Jobs at Intel ? Diversity, Employee Groups (Intel Muslim Employee Group)" . Intel Corporation . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-28 .
  44. ↑ "Jobs at Intel ? Diversity, Employee Groups (Intel Jewish Community)" . Intel Corporation . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-28 .
  45. ↑ "Jobs at Intel ? Diversity, Employee Groups (Intel Bible-Based Christian Network)" . Intel Corporation . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-28 .
  46. ↑ ??????? ??????-?????? ??????????? ?????????? (IBCN) ????????
  47. ↑ "Wireless company dumps Rio Rancho" . USA Today . 2004-08-18 . http://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/data/2004-08-18-usurf-dumps-rio-rancho_x.htm . ??????? ????: 2009-02-28 .  
  48. ↑ ??????? ???????? ??????????-?????????? Q2 ????????????
  49. ↑ "Intel Inside Program: Anatomy of a Brand Campaign". Intel Corporation .  
  50. ↑ "Intel Inside Program" . Intel .
  51. ↑ Shah, Agam. "Intel's Chip Renaming Strategy Meets Resistance" . PC World ??? ????????? ??????? 2009-06-22 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20090622062304/http://www.pcworld.com/article/166973/intels_chip_renaming_strategy_meets_resistance.html . ??????? ????: 2009-06-22 .  
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Elliott, Stuart (2007-10-11). "'Intel inside' ad campaign shifts focus to the Web" . International Herald Tribune ( The New York Times Company ) ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-02-20 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080220214446/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/11/business/adco.php?WT.mc_id=atomtechnology . ??????? ????: 2007-10-12 .  
  53. ↑ "????? ??????? ??????????? : ?????? ?????????" . Archived from the original on 2008-12-16 . ????????????? ???? 2021-08-14 .
  54. ↑ "IBM leads semiconductor plot against Intel" . theinquirer.net ( The Inquirer ). 2006-04-11 ??? ????????? ??????? 2006-04-12 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20060412203909/http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=30912 . ??????? ????: 2008-01-07 .  
  55. ↑ Paul Morley (2003-10-19). "Boot me up, Dessie" . ?? ????????? ( Guardian Media Group ) ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-02-05 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080205232833/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4774366-111639,00.html . ??????? ????: 2009-01-17 .  
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 Hachman, Mark (2009-06-17). "Intel Simplifying its Processor Branding" . PC Magazine . http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2348923,00.asp . ??????? ????: 2009-07-06 .  
  57. ↑ "FreeBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual" . freebsd.org . The FreeBSD Project. 2005-11-27 . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-05 .
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  60. ↑ Robertson, Michael (2003-03-19). "Is Intel's "Centrino" Techno-Latin for "No Linux?" " . michaelrobertson.com . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-05 .
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  62. ↑ "SWOP?????????: 4/8/07 ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????" . Archived from the original on 2007-11-30 . ????????????? ???? 2010-04-06 .
  63. ↑ "??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????, ???????, ???????? & ????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????????" . Archived from the original on 2016-02-05 . ????????????? ???? 2023-03-26 .
  64. ↑ "SWOP?????????: ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2008-10-07 . ????????????? ???? 2010-04-06 .
  65. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8360429.stm
  66. ↑ "??????? ?????? ???? ???????????????", ??????????? ??????-????? , ??. 30, 1993, B-12.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "?????? ??????????, "???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????", ??????? ??????? , ????????. 07, 1998" . Archived from the original on 2009-05-22 . ????????????? ???? 2010-04-06 .
  68. ↑ ???? ???????????, "?????? ????????: ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????", cnn.com , ??????????. 14, 1998.
  69. ↑ ???? ????????, "?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????", CNET ?????? ???. 28, 1999.
  70. ↑ Fried, Ian (2001-04-04). "Intel, AMD sign new licensing deal" . news.com.com (CNET Networks, Inc) ??? ????????? ??????? 2012-12-16 ?????. ?????????????. . https://archive.today/20121216055256/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-257059.html . ??????? ????: 2007-07-28 .  
  71. ↑ "Patent Cross License Agreement ? Advanced Micro Devices Inc. and Intel Corp." . Findlaws, Inc . http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/agreements/amd/intel.license.2001.01.01.html . ??????? ????: 2007-09-15 .  
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  83. ↑ ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????????
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  99. ↑ ?????????? ?????? ????????????????
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  101. ↑ http://ftc.gov/opa/2009/12/intel.shtm
  102. ↑ http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20091217-712217.html
  103. ↑ http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9341/091216intelcmpt.pdf
  104. ↑ http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2009/tc20091216_885383.htm
  105. ↑ "Intel in threats and bribery suit" . BBC News . 2009-11-04 . ????????????? ???? 2009-12-18 .

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