????????-???????? ????
(
Anglo-Mughal war
)
[2]
[3]
popularly known as
Child's war
, was the first
Anglo-Indian war
and the earliest British attempt of colonization in the
Indian Subcontinent
that lasted from 1686 to 1690.
The
British East India Company
had been given a monopoly and numerous fortified bases on western and south-eastern coast of the
Mughal India
by the
British Crown
, permitted by the local governors.
In 1682
William Hedges (colonial administrator)
was sent on the behalf of the Company to negotiate the Governor of the
proto-industrialised
Bengal Subah
,
Shaista Khan
and to obtain a firman, an imperial directive that would allow the English Company regular trading privileges across the Mughal provinces.
In 1685, after some breaking of negotiations by
Sir Josiah Child, Bt
, the Governor of Bengal reacted by increasing the tributaries of the trade with the north-east from 2% to 3.5%. The company refused the newly introduced taxes and began to force the province of Bengal to accept new terms in the favour its trading power and expressed to capture
Chittagong
, establish a fortified enclave throughout the region, and attain independence of the surrounding
subah
from the Mughal territory by bringing the local governors and the
Hooghly River
to their control, which will later allow to form relationships with the
Kingdom of Mrauk U
based in
Arakan
(today's
Myanmar
) and hold substantial power in the
Bay of Bengal
.
Upon request,
King James II of England
sent warships to the company based in
???????
, but the expedition failed.
[4]
Following the dispatch of 12 warships with the British troops, a number of battles took place and led to Siege of Mumbai and burning of the city of
Balasore
. New peaceful treaties were negotiated, but the East India Company failed to reach an agreement. The British naval forces caused the blockage of the Mughal ports on the western coast and attacked the Mughal Army, and vessels containing pilgrims to
Mecca
were also captured.
The conflicts heavily affected major cities like
Mumbai
,
Madras
,
Kolkata
and
Chittagong
, which resulted the intervention of
Emperor
Aurangzeb
, who seized all the factories of the company and arrested members of the
British Army
, while the company forces commanded by
Sir Josiah Child, Bt
captured further Mughal trading ships and set the houses on fire of many
faujdar
s.
Ultimately the
British East India Company
was defeated by the
army of the Mughal Empire
and the company was fined 150.000 rupees (roughly equivalent to today's $4.4 million). The company's apology was accepted and the old firman was granted by Emperor Aurangzeb.
[5]
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[
????
]
In 1682 the English East India Company sent
William Hedges
to
Shaista Khan
, the Mughal governor of
Bengal Subah
, in order to obtain a
firman
: an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the
proto-industrialised
Mughal Empire, the world's largest economy of that time. After the intervention of the company's governor in
London
,
Sir Josiah Child
, with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb
to break off the negotiations. After that Child started a war with the Mughals.
[6]
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[
????
]
In 1685 Admiral Nicholson was sent out with twelve ships of war, carrying 200 pieces of cannon and a body of 600 men, to be reinforced by 400 from
Madras
. His instructions were to seize and fortify
Chittagong
, for which purpose 200 additional guns were placed on board, to demand the cession of the encompassing territory, to conciliate the
Zamindar
s and
Taluqdar
s, to establish a mint, and to enter into a treaty with the ruler of
Arakan
. But the fleet was dispersed during the voyage, and several of the vessels, instead of steering for Chittagong, entered the
Hooghly
, and being joined by the Madras troops, anchored off the Company's factory.
The arrival of so formidable an expedition alarmed Shaista Khan, and he offered to compromise his differences with the English; but an unforeseen event brought the negotiation to an abrupt close. Three English soldiers, strolling through the marketplace of Hooghly, quarrelled with Mughal officials, and were severely beaten. After that the English admiral opened fire on the town and burnt down 500 houses.
In 1686, new negotiations started in Chuttanutty which the Mughals prolonged till their troops could be assembled to attack the English encampment, and English commander Job Charnock retired with his soldiers and establishments to the island of Ingelee, at the mouth of the
Hooghly River
. It was a low and deadly swamp, covered with long grass, without any fresh water. In three months one half of the English troops had died from disease.
In 1688, an English fleet was employed for blocking the Mughal harbours in the
Arabian Sea
on the western coast of India and ships with pilgrims to
Mecca
were captured. After that Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir decided to resume negotiations with the English. However, the Company sent out reinforcements commanded by Captain Heath who on his arrival disallowed the treaty then pending and proceeded to
Balasore
which he bombarded and burnt. He then sailed to Chittagong; but finding the fortifications stronger than he had anticipated, landed at Madras.
After that Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the British possessions all over the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and
Bombay
.
[7]
In 1689, the strong Mughal fleet from
Janjira
commanded by the
Sidi Yaqub
and manned by
Mappila
from
Ethiopian Empire
besieged the British fort of Bombay.
[8]
After a year of resistance, a famine broke out which caused hundreds of deaths, the British surrendered, and in 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 1,50,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future.
Emperor Aurangzeb
then ordered
Sidi Yaqub
to lift the
Siege of Bombay
and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in
?????????
.
[6]
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[
????
]
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[
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]
- ↑
Blackburn, T.R. (2007).
A Miscellany of Mutinies and Massacres in India
. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 11.
??????????? ?????????? ???
9788131301692
. ????????????? ????
2015-02-23
.
- ↑
Hasan, Farhat (1991). "Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb"".
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
34
(4): 351?360.
doi
:
10.1163/156852091X00058
.
- ↑
Vaugn, James (September 2017). "John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675?1690".
Britain and the World
11
(1).
- ↑
From Plassey to Partition, ?ekhara Bandyop?dhy??a, p39,
??????????? ?????????? ???
81-250-2596-0
Google book
- ↑
Keay, John. India: A History. New York: HarperCollins. 200. pg 372
- ↑
6.0
6.1
"Asia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia | Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World"
. encyclopedia.com
. ????????????? ????
2015-02-23
.
- ↑
The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration
by
John Clark Marshman
, 1867.
- ↑
Faruki, Z. (1935).
Aurangzeb & his times
. Idarah-i Adabiy?t-i Delli
. ????????????? ????
2015-02-23
.