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??????? ???????????? - ????? ??????????????
விக்கிப்பீடியா

??????? ????????????

??????? ???????????? ( Peter Grunberg ) ( ?? 18 , 1939 ) ??? ????????? ???????????? . ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ( Albert Fert ) ????????? ??????????? 1988?? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????????????. ??? ?????????????????? ???????????????? 2007??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? [1]

??????? ????????????
??????? 18 ?? 1939 ( 1939-05-18 ) (????? 85)
Pilsen , Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
??????? ???????
???? ?????????
??????????? Carleton University
Forschungszentrum Julich
University of Cologne
????? ???? ??????? Darmstadt University of Technology
??????????????? Stefan Hufner
???????????? Giant magnetoresistive effect
????????? Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
European Inventor of the Year (2006)
Japan Prize 2007
?????????????? ????? ????? (2007)
??????? ????????????

????????

????

???????????? ?? 18 , 1939 ???, ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ( Pilsen ) ??????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????????? (?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ( Gymnasium ) ????? ?????????????) [2]

???????????? 1962 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????? 1966??? ?????????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? 1969??? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ???? ??????? 1969-1972 ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ( Julich Research Centre ) ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? 2004?? ????? ????????. . [2]

??????? ?????????????

????

1986??? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????. ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ( ~ 1 ???? ??????? ) ??????????? ????? ????? (???????????????? ????????? ) ?????????, ?????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ???????????, ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????. ??????? 1988??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? (GMR) ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????. [3] ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????????????. ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ( Albert Fert ) ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ( Universite de Paris Sud ) ???????? ???????????????.

?????????? ???????

????

???????????

????
  1. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007" . The Nobel Foundation . ????????????? ???? 2007-10-09 .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Curriculum Vitae" . Julich Research Centre . ????????????? ???? 2007-10-09 . [ ??????????? ??????? ]
  3. ↑ G. Binasch, P. Grunberg, F. Saurenbach, and W. Zinn (1989). "Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange" . Phys. Rev. B 39 (7): 4828 - 4830. doi : 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4828 . http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v39/p4828 .  

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