??????????

?????????? (?????? ??????: ???????????? ) ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????/????????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ???-????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. ????? ????????, ???????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ????????, ????????? , ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????.

The 100 inch (2.5 m) Hooker ????????????? ?????????? at Mount Wilson Observatory near ???? ??????? , California.

??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????.

??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? , ???? ???-???? ?????????? 16 ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, 1608 ??? ??????? ?????????????, ???????-???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????, ???, ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????.

??????

???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????.

16 ??? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????.1608 ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ?????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????.

1609 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????. ????? ?????????? 20 ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. ^[4]

?????????????? ??????

????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ??????????

?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ???????, ??? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ?????.

?????	??? ?????	??????? ??????? (Hz)	???????? ????? (eV)
??????? ???????
?????? ?????	less than 0.01?nm	more than 10 EHZ	100 keV ? 300+ GeV	X
?????-?????	0.01 to 10?nm	30 PHz ? 30 EHZ	120 eV to 120 keV	X
??? ???	10?nm ? 400?nm	30 EHZ ? 790 THz	3 eV to 124 eV
????????? ???????	390?nm ? 750?nm	790 THz ? 405 THz	1.7 eV ? 3.3 eV	X
????????????? ?????	750?nm ? 1?mm	405 THz ? 300?GHz	1.24 me V ? 1.7 eV	X
???????	1?mm ? 1 meter	300?GHz ? 300?MHz	1.24 meV ? 1.24 μe V
??????	1?mm ? km	300 GHz ? 3 Hz	1.24 meV ? 12.4 fe V	X

???????? ??????????

50 cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory .

???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????, ???????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????.

?????????????? ?????????? : ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????.
???????????????? ?????????? : ??? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????.
???????? ?????????? : ??? ????????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????.

???????? ??????????

???????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????.

?????? ????????? ??????????

?????-????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????

?????????? ??????

???????? ??????????
????? ????????????? ??????????
??? ???????? ?????????????
????????????? ?????????????
??????? ?????????????
?????????? ?????????????

A diagram of the ????????? ?????????? with the Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) and the types of telescopes used to image parts of the spectrum.

??????? ?????

????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????:

?????	??????????	??????? ?????????	??? ?????
??????	?????? ?????????????	?????? ??????? ( ????? ??????? )	more than 1?mm
?? ?????????????	?? ????????????? ?????????????	?? ????????????? ???????	0.1?mm ? 1?mm
??????? ????????????? ?????	?	???????-????????????? ????? ???????	30?μm ? 450?μm
????????????? ?????	????????????? ????? ?????????????	????????????? ????? ???????	700?nm ? 1?mm
????????? ???????	???????????? ??????? ?????????????	?????????? ??? ???????	400?nm ? 700?nm
??? ??????????	??? ?????????? ????????????? *	??? ?????????? ???????	10?nm ? 400?nm
?????-?????	?????-????? ?????????????	?????-????? ???????	0.01?nm ? 10?nm
???????? ?????	???????? ??????? ??????????	???????? ????? ???????	less than 0.01?nm

???????????

↑ archive.org " Galileo His Life And Work " BY J. J. FAHIE " Galileo usually called the telescope occhicde or cannocchiale?; and now he calls the microscope occhialino. The name telescope was first suggested by Demisiani in 1612 "
↑ Sobel (2000, p.43) , Drake (1978, p.196)
↑ Rosen, Edward, The Naming of the Telescope (1947)
↑ ???. ?????? (20 ???? 2018). "?????????????????? ???: ?????????" . ??????? . ?? ????? ????? . ????????????? ???? 21 ???? 2018 .

???????????????

Galileo to Gamma Cephei ? The History of the Telescope
The Galileo Project ? The Telescope by Al Van Helden
"The First Telescopes". Part of an exhibit from Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology ????????????? 2008-04-09 at the ??????? ????????? by the American Institute of Physics
Timeline of telescopic technology ????????????? 2013-10-02 at the ??????? ?????????
Outside the Optical: Other Kinds of Telescopes
Gray, Meghan (2009). "Telescope Diameter" . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( help )

[1] rchive.org " Galileo His Life And Work " BY J. J. FAHIE " Galileo usually called the telescope occhicde or cannocchiale?; and now he calls the microscope occhialino. The name telescope was first suggested by Demisiani in 1612 "

[2] Sobel (2000, p.43) , Drake (1978, p.196)

[3] Rosen, Edward, The Naming of the Telescope (1947)

[4] ???. ?????? (20 ???? 2018). "?????????????????? ???: ?????????" . ??????? . ?? ????? ????? . ????????????? ???? 21 ???? 2018 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]