Richard Smalley

Richard Smalley
	Richard Smalley
Fodd	Richard Errett Smalley ; 6 juni 1943 ; Akron , Ohio , USA
Dod	28 oktober 2005 (62 ar) ; Houston , Texas , USA
Medborgare i	USA
Utbildad vid	Princeton University , filosofie doktor , 1973 ; University of Chicago ; University of Michigan , bachelor of science, 1965 ; Hope College ; Southwest High School ; Southwest Early College Campus
Sysselsattning	Kemist , professor , forskare
Arbetsgivare	Rice University
Utmarkelser
	Irving Langmuir-priset (1991) ; Ernest Orlando Lawrence-priset (1991) ; James C. McGroddy-priset for nya material (1992) ; Welch's kemipris (1992) ; William H. Nichols Medal Award (1993) ; John Scott-medaljen (1993) ; Richtmyer Memorial-priset (1993) ; Nobelpriset i kemi (1996) ; Franklinmedaljen (1996) ; Kol-medaljen (1997) ; Glenn T. Seaborg Medal (2002) ; Medlem av American Physical Society
	Redigera Wikidata

Richard E. Smalley , fodd 6 juni 1943 i Akron , Ohio , dod 28 oktober 2005 i Houston , Texas , var en amerikansk kemist. Han tilldelades, tillsammans med Harold Kroto och Robert Curl , Nobelpriset i kemi 1996 " for deras upptackt av fullerener. "

Curl, Kroto och Smalley upptackte 1985 tva nya former av kol, s.k. fullerener , dar kolatomerna sitter i slutna skal. Antalet kolatomer i skalen kan variera och ytterligare fullerener har sedan upptackts. De tidigare kanda formerna av kol var grafit (2 former), diamant (2 former), kaoit och kol(VI) .

Fullerener bildas da forgasat kol kondenseras i en atmosfar av heliumgas . De forgasade kolatomerna slar sig samman till grupper med upp till nagra hundra kolatomer. Gasen leds in i en vakuumkammare, dar den expanderar och kyls ned till nagra grader over den absoluta nollpunkten . Man fann att kluster med 60 kolatomer var speciellt stabila, vilket tydde pa en molekylstruktur med hog symmetri. Man foreslog darfor att molekylen kunde vara en s.k. trunkerad ikosaeder , en polyeder med 20 regelbundna sexhorningar och 12 regelbundna femhorningar jamforbart med monstret pa en fotboll. Genom ytterligare forskning under slutet pa 1980-talet och borjan pa 1990-talet kunde Curl, Kroto och Smalley visa att den foreslagna strukturen var riktig.

Kallor [ redigera | redigera wikitext ]

^ Richard E. Smalley, 62, Dies; Chemistry Nobel Winner (pa engelska), The New York Times , 29 oktober 2005, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Richard Smalley (pa engelska), Theguardian.com, 8 november 2005, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ [ a b ] Encyclopædia Britannica , Richard E. Smalley, las online , last: 9 oktober 2017. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Richard E. Smalley (6 June 1943?28 October 2005) , vol. 243, 13, Physica Status Solidi B, november 2006, s. 2979-2979, 10.1002/PSSB.200690024 , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ SNAC , Richard Smalley, las online , last: 9 oktober 2017. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Will small be beautiful? Making policies for our nanotech future , vol. 21, 2, History and Technology, juni 2005, s. 177-203, 10.1080/07341510500103735 , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Appreciation of Nanotech Pioneer Richard Smalley (pa engelska), National Science Foundation, 2 november 2005, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Rice engineers make first pure nanotube fibers (pa engelska), 10 december 2003, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ IITs strategise for more PhD scholars (pa engelska), Business Standard, 7 september 2009, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Awesome allotropy , vol. 9, 11, Nature Materials, 1 november 2010, s. 867, 10.1038/NMAT2895 , 20966924 , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ The Higher Educational Transformation of China and Its Global Implications , vol. 34, 4, The World Economy journal, april 2011, s. 516?545, 10.1111/J.1467-9701.2011.01344.X , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics , American Physical Society, las online las online , last: 6 oktober 2018. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , www.aps.org , last: 18 februari 2022. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , science.osti.gov . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , www.aps.org , last: 18 februari 2022. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , welch1.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , www.newyorkacs.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , thejohnscottaward.github.io . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , aapt.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 , Nobelprize.org (pa engelska), Nobelstiftelsen , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ The Nobel Prize amounts , Nobelprize.org (pa engelska), Nobelstiftelsen , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , www.americancarbonsociety.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}
^ las online , www.seaborg.ucla.edu . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

Externa lankar [ redigera | redigera wikitext ]

[2a74f4c7e12a1ca7ec75807c0bf958e0a112b51f-1] Richard E. Smalley, 62, Dies; Chemistry Nobel Winner (pa engelska), The New York Times , 29 oktober 2005, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[7164f18e47f5e60808b88c1c1bb4694f5dbe7a3e-2] Richard Smalley (pa engelska), Theguardian.com, 8 november 2005, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[36fe6ff67e1c82a480a2e17220c6ea6ed1232c35-3] [ a b ] Encyclopædia Britannica , Richard E. Smalley, las online , last: 9 oktober 2017. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[6e891eadac9f95bf0ce4c68505ca65a5c89d1e96-4] Richard E. Smalley (6 June 1943?28 October 2005) , vol. 243, 13, Physica Status Solidi B, november 2006, s. 2979-2979, 10.1002/PSSB.200690024 , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[65494ec200ea2a890f806bb9c4389fa7c00f2b35-5] SNAC , Richard Smalley, las online , last: 9 oktober 2017. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[6ae9fc4a1f9e358f7c467b6caf92506af868af90-6] Will small be beautiful? Making policies for our nanotech future , vol. 21, 2, History and Technology, juni 2005, s. 177-203, 10.1080/07341510500103735 , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[653d33a9fced2de5e0b990979cb9f07da2861a71-7] Appreciation of Nanotech Pioneer Richard Smalley (pa engelska), National Science Foundation, 2 november 2005, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[8404e24f0cec619ec35b6b441e88d352881ec1d0-8] Rice engineers make first pure nanotube fibers (pa engelska), 10 december 2003, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[4df21c46052205d19b749768cbe18f993ef4daa6-9] IITs strategise for more PhD scholars (pa engelska), Business Standard, 7 september 2009, las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[b0c04f5657a8a930d864a26d5c679b5022e88c9d-10] Awesome allotropy , vol. 9, 11, Nature Materials, 1 november 2010, s. 867, 10.1038/NMAT2895 , 20966924 , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[41605bed43814103e1cbf0d282c716f2334c3c0f-11] The Higher Educational Transformation of China and Its Global Implications , vol. 34, 4, The World Economy journal, april 2011, s. 516?545, 10.1111/J.1467-9701.2011.01344.X , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[179b7132764ca7ffbf398b4062662fc01f64fc83-12] Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics , American Physical Society, las online las online , last: 6 oktober 2018. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[7e35c7def9bc540c6f02bbadc7ca3cf424f28809-13] s online , www.aps.org , last: 18 februari 2022. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[ba9560188c34fabdf67f0b208ac5845d0c06011e-14] s online , science.osti.gov . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[584567dda3316912b6dc99de35047baf700d32fc-15] s online , www.aps.org , last: 18 februari 2022. ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[c598f0793fbef93fb936a5e0753dbf54a9eb51ca-16] s online , welch1.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[532a56dad80705bc83e78cdbd1d933aecefd5f3c-17] s online , www.newyorkacs.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[8be2c9c61669e7dc51abe828dfe3a014d05c6c5a-18] s online , thejohnscottaward.github.io . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[977965f6e9c5f27f265a7565ea245d00b5260c9b-19] s online , aapt.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[54d358614d55b2ec5ef5fc6c67dc8b2635de594a-20] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 , Nobelprize.org (pa engelska), Nobelstiftelsen , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[2cd244cd69271165e09c7ddc3d31f27893eda27b-21] The Nobel Prize amounts , Nobelprize.org (pa engelska), Nobelstiftelsen , las online . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[e31c5cbcf8eeef4947746b34dbcde9019358cff9-22] s online , www.americancarbonsociety.org . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[d69b691f40e6e8646c3b8cf57bd1750f5acba88f-23] s online , www.seaborg.ucla.edu . ^{[kalla fran Wikidata]}

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[ 4 ]

[ 5 ]

[ 6 ]

[ 7 ]

[ 8 ]

[ 9 ]

[ 10 ]

[ 11 ]

[ 12 ]

[ 13 ]

[ 14 ]

[ 15 ]

[ 16 ]

[ 17 ]

[ 18 ]

[ 19 ]

[ 20 ]

[ 21 ]

[ 22 ]

[ 23 ]