Pakarang nuklir hartina pakarang nu ngahasilkeun kakuatan ngaruksakna tina reaksi nuklir /inti, boh fisi atawa fusi . Hasilna, pakarang nuklir nu kawilang leutik teh jauh leuwih kuat batan bom konvensional pangbadagna, sahingga hiji bom bisa ngancurkeun hiji kota sagemblengna.

Dina sajarah perang , pakarang nuklir teh kungsi dipake ukur dua kali, nyaeta dina pamungkasan Perang Dunya II . Nu kahiji lumangsung isuk-isuk 6 Agustus 1945 , nalika pesawat AS ngaragragkeun " Little Boy ", bom uranium , ka Hirosima , Jepang . Anu kadua lumangsung tilu poe sanggeusna, nalika AS ngaragragkeun " Fat Man ", bom plutonium , ka kota Nagasaki . Dipakena pakarang nu ngabalukarkeun tiwasna 100-200 rebu jalma (malah cenah leuwih) ieu nepi ka kiwari masih jadi kontroversi ? antara jumlah korban sipil anu sakitu lobana jeung eureunna perang. Jejer ieu ngahaneutan deui ku ningkatna kasus terorisme nu nelasan rahayat sipil, boh ku pihak nagara atawa lain, nu tujuanana kurang leuwih sarua: nganggeuskeun perang. Pikeun leuwih lengkep ngeunaan ieu padungdengan, mangga aos Bom atom Hirosima jeung Nagasaki .

Ti saprak bom Hirosima jeung Nagasaki, pakarang nuklir teh rebuan kali diujicobakeun, di antarana ku AS, Uni Soviet , Inggris , Prancis , RRC , India , jeung Pakistan . Lian ti nagara-nagara eta, aya oge sababaraha nagara nu ngaku boga pakarang nuklir, tapi teu pasti bener/henteuna. Misalna Israel , sigana boga program nuklir gede-gedean, sarta boga sahanteuna ratusan hulu ledak nuklir (baca Israel jeung pakarang pangruksak masal ); sababaraha waktu ka tukang, Korea Kaler ngaku boga pakarang nuklir; sedengkeun Iran dituduh ku sababaraha nagara Kulon ngembangkeun pakarang nuklir.

Tipe pakarang nuklir [ edit | edit sumber ]

Aya dua tipe dasar pakarang nuklir:

1. Pakarang nu ngahasilkeun energi ledakna tina reaksi fisi nuklir wungkul, nu kawentar disebut bom atom . Dina pakarang fisi, massa bahan fisil ( uranium nu dibeungharan atawa plutonium ) dikemas dina massa superkritis ?jumlah bahan nu dipikabutuh pikeun reaksi rantay nuklir eksponensial ?boh ku jalan nembakkeun hiji bagian bahan subkritis ka nu sejenna, atawa ku jalan ngompres massa subkritis ku bahan peledak nu dituturkeun ku nyuntikkeun neutron pikeun mitambeyan reaksina. Masalah utama dina rancangan pakaang nuklir teh nyaeta dina mastikeun yen suluh nu dipake geus ampir beak samemeh bitu. Jumlah energi nu dileupaskeun ku bom fisi teh kira sapantaran jeung saton nepi ka kira 500 kiloton TNT .
2. Pakarang nu ngahasilkeun energi ledak tina reaksi fusi nuklir , nu kakuatanana bisa leuwih ti sarebu kali bom fisi. Bom nuklir tipe ieu katelah bom hidrogen , bom termonuklir , atawa bom fusi . Nu boga bom tipe ieu sigana mah ukur aya genep nagara: AS, Rusia , Prancis, Inggris, RRC, jeung India. Gawena bom hidrogen nuturkeun rancangan Teller-Ulam , nu ngabekaskeun bom fisi dina rohangan husus gigireun suluh fusi. Reaksi fusi dimimitian ku radiasi gamma jeung sinar X tina ledakan fisi nu neken jeung manaskeun kapsul tritium , deuterium , atawa litium deuterida .

Lian ti nu dua eta, aya oge pakarang nuklir tipe sejen, misalna boosted fission weapon , nu ngaronjatkeun hasil ledakanana tina reaksi fusi nu jumlahna saeutik, tapi lain kaasup bom hidrogen. Aya oge sababaraha pakarang nu dijieun make rancangan husus: bom neutron nu ledakanana relatif leutik, tapi ngabalukarkeun radiasi .

Taktik nuklir [ edit | edit sumber ]

Artikel utama : Perang nuklir .

Taktik perang nuklir mangrupa hiji cara boh pikeun ngayonan atawa pikeun nyegah perang nuklir. Kawijakan nyingkahan kamungkinan serangan pakarang nuklir ti nagara sejen ku jalan ngancam serangan nuklir balesan teh katelah salaku taktik/strategi tameng nuklir ( nuclear deterrence strategy ). Tujuanana nyaeta pikeun miara status serangan kadua (kabisa males serangan nuklir ti luar ku serangan nuklir deui) jeung kamungkinan ngalumpuhkeun seranganana (kabisa nakis jeung ngancurkeun kakuatan nuklir musuh samemeh diserang).

Sajarah [ edit | edit sumber ]

Artikel utama : Sajarah pakarang nuklir .

Pakarang nuklir munggaran dijieun di AS, ku kelompok internasional kaasup elmuwan-elmuwan ti Eropah tengah kalawan dibantu ku Inggris jeung Kanada , dina mangsa Perang Dunya II salaku bagian tina Proyek Manhattan nu dirusiahkeun. Najan tadina mah dijieunna teh alatan sieun kapiheulaan ku Nazi Jerman , tapi tungtungna dipake pikeun ngabom dua kota Jepang: Hirosima jeung Nagasaki bulan Agustus 1945. Uni Soviet ngembangkeun jeung nguji pakarang nuklir nu munggaran taun 1949, nu pangaweruhna mangrupa hasil telik sandina di AS. Boh AS jeung USSR lajeng ngembangkeun pakarang nu ditanagaan ku fusi nuklir (bom hidrogen) taun 1950-an . Ku kapanggihna tehnologi roket taun 1960-an, pakarang nuklir teh jadi bisa dikirimkeun ka mana wae.

Pakarang nuklir geus jadi lambang kakuatan militer jeung nasional, sedengkeun uji nuklirna mindeng dipake pikeun nguji rancangan anyar sakaligus ancaman pulitik. Nagara sejen nu oge ngembangkeun pakarang nuklir, di antarana Inggris, Prancis, jeung Cina. Lima nagara nuklir ieu sapuk pikeun ngawates sumebarna Proliferasi Nuklir ka nagara-nagara sejen, najan sigana mah geus aya sababaraha nagara nu kiwari geus boga kakuatan nuklir (India, Afrika Kidul , Pakistan , jeung Israel ). Dina pamungkas Perang Tiis awal 1990-an, Federasi Rusia kawarisan pakarang ti USSR, nu salajengna, babarengan jeung AS, nyoba ngurangan cadanganana pikeun kapentingan kasalametan internasional. Najan Proliferasi Nuklir diteruskeun, Pakistan justru nguji coba pakarang nuklir munggaranana taun 1998, sedengkeun Korea Kaler ngaku geus ngembangkeun eta pakarang taun 2004.

Taun kamari, 2005 , aya kira 29.000 pakarang nuklir nu disimpen ku sahanteuna tujuh nagara, tapi lolobana mah (96%) aya di AS jeung Federasi Rusia.

Media [ edit | edit sumber ]

Baca oge [ edit | edit sumber ]

• Sajarah
  • Sajarah pakarang nuklir
  • Proyek Manhattan
  • Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos
  • Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore
  • Uji coba nuklir
  • Proyek bom atom Soviet
  • Stanislav Petrov
  • Proyek energi nuklir Jerman
  • Program atom Jepang
  • Kacilakaan nuklir jeung radiasi (kaasup pakarang nuklir)
• Elmu jeung tehnologi nu patali
  • Fisika nuklir
  • Fisi nuklir
  • Fusi nuklir
  • Reaktor nuklir
  • Rekayasa nuklir
• Strategi militer
  • Perang nuklir
  • Strategi nuklir
• Proliferasi jeung pulitik
  • Proliferasi nuklir
  • Perjangjian Non-Proliferasi Nuklir
  • Daptar nagara nu boga pakarang nuklir
  • Pakarang nuklir jeung Amerika Serikat
  • Pakarang nuklir jeung Inggris
  • Daptar pakarang nuklir

Rujukan [ edit | edit sumber ]

Tumbu kaluar [ edit | edit sumber ]

Wikimedia Commons mibanda media sejenna nu patali jeung Nuclear weapons .

Umum

• Nuclear Weapon Archive from Carey Sublette is a reliable source of information and has links to other sources and an informative FAQ .
• The Federation of American Scientists provide solid information on weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons and their effects Archived 2006-10-28 di Wayback Machine
• Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues ? contains many resources related to nuclear weapons, including a historical and technical overview and searchable bibliography of web and print resources.
• Everything you wanted to know about nuclear technology ? Provided by New Scientist .
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Nuclear weapons Archived 2008-06-10 di Wayback Machine
• The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

Sajarah

• The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb Archived 2009-02-09 di Wayback Machine
• "The Race to Build the Atomic Bomb" Archived 2005-11-07 di Wayback Machine , educational resource.

Balukar

• Nuclear weapon simulator for several major cities Archived 2008-02-08 di Wayback Machine
• Fallout Calculator for various regions Archived 2006-06-15 di Wayback Machine
• Example Scenarios - Two scenarios of a nuclear explosion on two United States Cities

Isu

• "The Nuclear Weapons Debate" Archived 2009-01-06 di Wayback Machine - OneWorld.net's Perspectives Magazine, May 2005
• "Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons: Making the Connections" Archived 2009-04-10 di Wayback Machine ? an article about the connections between nuclear power and nuclear weapons development by an anti-nuclear group.
• Nuclear War Survival Skills is a public domain text about civil defense.
• IPPNW: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War ? Nobel Peace Prize -winning organization with information about the medical consequences of nuclear weapons, war and militarization.
• Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ? Magazine founded in 1945 by Manhattan Project scientists. Covers nuclear weapons proliferation and many other global security issues. See this page Archived 2006-09-28 di Wayback Machine for comprehensive data on nuclear weapons worldwide.
• 50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapons Archived 2006-03-07 di Wayback Machine ? Largest, smallest, number, cost, etc.
• Nuclear Files.org Archived 2016-12-15 di Wayback Machine covers the history of nuclear weapons and explores the political, legal and ethical challenges of the Nuclear Age.
• Union of Concerned Scientists Archived 2008-08-07 di Wayback Machine ? Nuclear Policy, weapons, testing, technical issues, and arms control.

Citakan:Tehnologi nuklir

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