Shkenca
(
lat
. "
scientia
" -
njohuri
,
dituri
,
dije
)
[1]
eshte teresia e veprimtarive njohese dhe pergjithesuese, nje sistem dijesh e njohurish per ligjet e zhvillimit te
natyres
,
shoqerise
,
dukurive
dhe
objekteve
dhe qe eshte formuar
historikisht
duke
hulumtuar, studiuar
dhe vezhguar
boten
reale
e
jeten
, dhe duke bere pergjithesime
teorike
. Ajo zakonisht mbeshtetet ne
argumente
dhe njohuri ekzakte. Shkence eshte edhe veprimtaria qe zhvillohet ne nje fushe apo ne nje dege te caktuar te
dijes
, e veshtruar si nje lloj i vecante
pune
.
Ne literaturen profesionale shkenca zakonisht perkufizohet si nje "sistem dijesh e njohurish per ligjet e zhvillimit te natyres e te shoqerise, i cili eshte formuar historikisht duke vezhguar boten reale e jeten si dhe duke bere pergjithesime teorike; sistem dijesh e njohurish te tilla per nje fushe a per nje dege te caktuar." E perkufizuar ne kete menyre ajo paraqet nje veprimtari qe zhvillohet ne nje fushe a ne nje dege te caktuar te dijes, e veshtruar si nje lloj i vecante i punes ose veprimtarise.
Shkenca ne kuptimin e saj me te gjere, eshte njohuri bazike sistematike e normative apo praktike e cila eshte e afte te rezultoje ne nje parashikim ose nje lloj te parashikueshem te rezultatit. Ne kete kuptim, shkenca mund t'i referohet nje teknike shume te afte ose praktike. Ne kuptim me te kufizuar dhe me bashkekohore te saj, shkenca i referohet nje sistemi te organizuar njohurish te bazuara ne
metoden shkencore
, si dhe ne nje strukture te organizuar.
[2]
[3]
Rrenjet me te hershme te shkences mund te gjurmohen qe ne kohen e
Egjiptit te Lashte
dhe
Mesopotami
rreth viteve 3500-3000 p.e.s. Kontributet e tyre ne matematike, astronomi dhe mjekesi ndikuan ne formesimin e filozofise klasike te antikitetit grek, me ane te se ciles u bene perpjekje per te dhene shpjegime rreth ngjarjeve dhe dukurive te botes fizike duke u bazuar ne shkaqe natyrore.
[4]
[5]
Pas renies se Perandorise Romake Perendimore, njohja e konceptimeve greke te botes u dobesua ne
Evropen Perendimore
, kjo sidomos gjate shekujve te pare te Mesjetes (400 - 1000)
[6]
por ajo u ruajt ne boten myslimane gjate
Epokes se Arte Islame
.
[7]
Rimekembja dhe asimilimi i veprave greke dhe
kerkimeve mesjetare islame
ne
Evropen Perendimore
nga shekulli X deri XIII ringjalli "
filozofine natyrore
",
[6]
[8]
[9]
e cila me vone u transformua nga
Revolucioni shkencor
.
[10]
[11]
Metoda shkencore
luajti nje rol me te madh ne krijimin e njohurive dhe deri ne shekullin XIX shume nga tiparet institucionale dhe profesionale te shkences filluan te marrin forme;
[12]
[13]
krahas me ndryshimin e "filozofise natyrore" ne " shkenca natyrore.”
[14]
Shkenca bazohet ne
hulumtime kerkimore - shkencore
, te cilat zakonisht zhvillohen ne institucione akademike, kerkimore, kompani te ndryshme, si dhe ne agjenci qeveritare. Ndikimi praktik i veprimtarise kerkimore shkencore ka cuar ne shfaqjen e politikave shkencore qe kerkojne te ndikojne ne ndermarrjet shkencore duke i dhene perparesi zhvillimit te produkteve tregtare, armatimit, kujdesit shendetesor dhe mbrojtjes se mjedisit.
Klasifikimi tradicional
Shkencat moderne
zakonisht ndahen ne tri grupe kryesore ne perberje te se ciles hyjne:
- Shkencat natyrore
(p.sh.
biologjia
,
kimia
,
fizika
, etj.), te cilat studiojne natyren ne nje kuptim me te gjere;
- Shkencat shoqerore
(p.sh.
ekonomia
,
psikologjia
,
sociologjia
,
pedagogjia
, etj.), te cilat studiojne aspekte te ndryshme te njeriut dhe shoqerise; dhe
- Shkencat formale
(p.sh.
logjika
,
matematika
,
shkenca teorike e kompjutereve
, etj.), te cilat studiojne konceptet abstrakte. Megjithate, ekziston nje mosmarreveshje nese shkencat formale perbejne me te vertete nje shkence ose jo, pasi ato nuk mbeshteten ne prova empirike.
[15]
[16]
[17]
Disiplinat te cilat perdorin njohurite ekzistuese shkencore per qellime praktike, sic jane
inxhinieria
,
mjekesia
, etj., pershkruhen si
shkenca te aplikuara
.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
Klasifikimi nga OECD
Perpjekjet per te klasifikuar ne menyre skematike sistemin e shkencave kane rezultuar nga nevoja per te mbledhur te dhena statistikore per dhe nga institucionet kerkimore, rezultatet e te cilave do te mund te krahasoheshin nderkombetarisht. Njera nga perpjekjet e tilla eshte sistemi i
Fushave te Shkences dhe Teknologjise
i perpiluar nga ana e Drejtorise per Shkence, Teknologji dhe Industri te
OECD
-se ne vitin 2002. Ne nje version te rishikuar te vitit 2007, skema e sistemit te shkencave sipas
OECD
duket si me poshte:
[22]
Hulumtimi ose kerkimi shkencor mund te ndahet ne hulumtim themelor ose bazik dhe hulumtim i aplikuar. Hulumtimi themelor eshte hulumtimi i njohurive ndersa hulumtimi i aplikuar eshte kerkimi i zgjidhjeve per problemet e caktuara praktike duke perdorur ato njohuri. Megjithese disa kerkime shkencore jane hulumtime te zbatuara per probleme specifike, nje pjese e mire e njohjes dhe te kuptuarit tone vjen nga aktivitetet e hulumtimeve bazike te nxitura nga kurioziteti. Nje gje e tille ofron mundesi per perparime shkencore dhe teknologjike qe nuk ishin planifikuar fare ose ne zbulime te paimagjinueshme. Nganjehere mund te ndodhe qe edhe hulumtimet themelore gjate ecurise se tyre te marrin kthesa te papritura, gje qe mund te ndikoje ne rifolmulimin dhe ndryshimin e hipotezave fillestare.
[23]
[24]
Hulumtimi kerkimoro-shkencor perfshin perdorimin e metodes shkencore, e cila kerkon te shpjegoje objektivisht fenomenet e natyres ne nje menyre te riprodhueshme.
Metoda shkencore
eshte nje proces me te cilin shkencetaret arrijne te njohin fenomene te caktuara duke formuluar supozime dhe duke i testuar ato permes eksperimenteve. Ne menyre qe te kete nje karakter shkencor, metoda e hulumtimit duhet te bazohet ne mbledhjen e dhenave te dukshme, empirike dhe te verifikueshme (te matshme).
- ^
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.
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- ^
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- ^
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274
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ISBN
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.
- ^
"The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" ? one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." p.3?
Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Science before the Greeks".
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1
?27.
ISBN
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.
- ^
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1
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.
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a
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163
?92.
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
The
Oxford English Dictionary
dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834.
- ^
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ISBN
9780226184517
.
The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880, this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
- ^
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.
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.
- ^
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.
- ^
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.
- ^
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- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
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.
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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