From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow (
Polish
)
Res Publica Utriusque Nationis (
Latin
)
|
---|
|
|
Motto:
|
Anthem:
Gaude Mater Polonia
"Rejoice, oh Mother Poland"
|
![The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (green) with vassal states (light green) at their peak in 1619](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png/250px-Map_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%E2%80%931621%29.png) The Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth (green) with vassal states (light green) at their peak in 1619
|
Capital
|
(
de jure
)
- Krakow (1569?1596)
- Warsaw
[b]
(1596?1795)
(
de facto
)
|
---|
Common languages
| Official:
Polish
and
Latin
|
---|
Religion
| Official:
Roman Catholicism
|
---|
Government
| |
---|
King
/
Grand Duke
|
|
---|
|
? 1569?1572
| Sigismund II Augustus
(first)
|
---|
? 1764?1795
| Stanisław August Poniatowski
(last)
|
---|
|
Legislature
| General
sejm
|
---|
? Privy council
| Senate
|
---|
Historical era
| Early modern period
|
---|
|
| 1 July 1569
|
---|
| 5 August 1772
|
---|
| 3 May 1791
|
---|
| 23 January 1793
[1]
|
---|
| 24 October 1795
[1]
|
---|
|
|
1582
| 815,000
[6]
km
2
(315,000 sq mi)
|
---|
1618
| 1,000,000
[7]
[8]
km
2
(390,000 sq mi)
|
---|
|
|
? 1582
| ~8,000,000
[6]
|
---|
? 1618
| ~12,000,000
|
---|
|
|
The
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
, formally known as the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
and, after 1791, the
Commonwealth of Poland
, was a
state
of
Poland
and
Lithuania
that was ruled by a common
monarch
. The Commonwealth was an extension of the
Polish-Lithuanian Union
, a
personal union
between those two states that had existed from 1386. It was one of the largest
[9]
countries in
Europe
in the 16th and the 17th centuries and had one of the largest populations. The Commonwealth covered more than the present lands of
Poland
and
Lithuania
since it also had all of present-day
Belarus
, a large part of present-day
Ukraine
and
Latvia
, and the western part of present-day
Russia
.
The Commonwealth had high levels of ethnic diversity and
religious tolerance
.
[10]
However, the amount of religious freedom varied over time.
[11]
After several decades of prosperity,
[12]
it entered a period of political,
[13]
military and economic
[14]
decline. The Commonwealth ended with the final
partition of Poland
in 1795. Its growing weakness had led to it being
invaded
and divided by its more powerful neighbours:
Austria
,
Prussia
and
Russia
.
- In Poland, the official languages were
Polish
and
Latin
. In Lithuania, the official languages were Old
Belarusian
, Latin, and
Lithuanian
.
- The Commonwealth was one of largest countries of its time. It had a large population and at one time covered about 400,000 square miles. Its population was around 11 million. People of different ethnicities lived in the Commonwealth.
- For about 200 years, the Commonwealth fought wars with other powers of Europe of that time:
Muscovy
Russians, the
Ottoman Empire
, and the
Swedish Empire
.
- The Commonwealth developed a system of laws and legislature that reduced the power of the monarch. Some concepts of
democracy
also developed in the Commonwealth like
constitutional monarchy
.
- In theory, the two countries of the Commonwealth were equal, but Poland had a leading role.
- The Commonwealth had a major influence of the
Catholic Church
. However, the government allowed people to practice different religions and so there were many religions in the Commonwealth.
- The Commonwealth also produced a national constitution, which was the first in Europe.
- Agriculture was the main economic activity in the Commonwealth.
- ↑
1.0
1.1
Partitions of Poland
at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑
2.0
2.1
Janusz Sykała:
Od Polan mieszkaj?cych w lasach ? historia Polski ? a? do krola Stasia
, Gdansk, 2010.
- ↑
3.0
3.1
Georg Ziaja:
Lexikon des polnischen Adels im Goldenen Zeitalter 1500?1600
, p. 9.
- ↑
"Artykuły henrykowskie - szlachecka prekonstytucja"
.
- ↑
"Poland - the First Partition | Britannica"
.
- ↑
6.0
6.1
Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych:
Atlas Historyczny Polski
, wydanie X, 1990, p. 14,
ISBN 83-7000-016-9
.
- ↑
Bertram Benedict (1919):
A history of the great war. Bureau of national literature
, inc. p. 21.
- ↑
According to Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych:
Atlas Historyczny Polski
, wydanie X, 1990, p. 16, ~ 990.000 km
2
- ↑
Norman Davies,
Europe: A History
, Pimlico 1997, p. 554:
Poland-Lithuania was another country which experienced its 'Golden Age' during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The realm of the last Jagiellons was absolutely the largest state in Europe
- ↑
Halina Stephan,
Living in Translation: Polish Writers in America
, Rodopi, 2003,
ISBN
90-420-1016-9
,
Google Print p373
- ↑
Feliks Gross
,
Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth and Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution
, Greenwood Press, 1999,
ISBN
0-313-30932-9
,
Google Print, p122 (notes)
- ↑
"In the mid-1500s, united Poland was the largest state in Europe and perhaps the continent’s most powerful nation".
"Poland". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Retrieved 26 June 2009
- ↑
Martin Van Gelderen,
Quentin Skinner
,
Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage
, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
ISBN
0-521-80756-5
Google Print: p54
- ↑
The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis
Archived
2007-12-15 at the
Wayback Machine
, discussion and full online text of
Evsey Domar
(1970) "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis",
Economic History Review
30
:1 (March), pp18?32
Notes
- ↑
Pro Fide, Lege et Rege
was the motto since the 18th century.
50°03′N
19°56′E
/
50.050°N 19.933°E
/
50.050; 19.933