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Peter Andreas Grunberg
(18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018) was a
German
physicist
.
He won the 2007
Nobel Prize in Physics
for discovering
giant magnetoresistance
. This made
gigabyte
hard disk drives
easier to make. Half of the prize was given to
Albert Fert
. Fert discovered giant magnetoresistance at the same time. But, Fert and Grunberg did not work together.
[1]
Grunberg was born in
Pilsen
,
Bohemia
. When he was born, Pilsen was controlled by
Nazi Germany
. They called the country the
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
. It is known now as the
Czech Republic
. Grunberg's father was named Fjodor Grinberg. He changed his name to Fjodor Grunberg in 1941.
The rest of the Grunberg family stayed for some time in the Petermann
[2]
house in Untersekerschan.
[3]
After
World War II
, the Czech government forced all people living in Pilsen that spoke German to leave the country. This was called the
Bene? decrees
. He moved with his mother (who died in 2002, aged 74) and sister to
Lauterbach, Hesse
.
[4]
He studied at a
gymnasium
(second level school) there.
[5]
Grunberg received a diploma in 1962 from the
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
. Then he studied at the
Darmstadt University of Technology
in Germany. He got his diploma in physics in 1966 and his
Ph.D.
in 1969 there. From 1969-1972, he studied at
Carleton University
in
Ottawa
, Canada. Later, he joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at the
Julich Research Centre
. He was a leading
researcher
of
magnetism
until he retired in 2004.
[5]
Grunberg made important discoveries with
ferrite
(iron) and
magnetism
, such as the
Giant magnetoresistive effect
(GMR) in 1988.
[6]
GMR has been used in many modern
hard drives
. Another use of the GMR effect is in magnetic
random access memory
.
Apart from the Nobel Prize, Grunberg has been awarded with shared prizes in the APS International Prize for New Materials, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the
Wolf Prize in Physics
in and the 2007
Japan Prize
. He won the German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation in 1998. He was named the
European Inventor of the Year
[7]
in the category "Universities and research institutions" by the European Patent Office and
European Commission
in 2006.
Grunberg died on 7 April 2018 in
Julich
, Germany at the age of 78.
[8]
- Patent, Germany, 3820475 "Magnetfeldsensor mit ferromagnetischer, dunner Schicht" filed on 16.06.1988
- Patent, US, 4949039 "Magnetic field sensor with ferromagnetic thin layers having magnetically antiparallel polarized components"
- Grunberg, Peter, Y. Suzuki, T. Katayama, K. Takanashi, R. Schreiber, K. Tanaka. 1997. "The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001)".
JMMM
. 165, 134.
- P. Grunberg, J.A. Wolf, R.Schafer. 1996. "Long Range Exchange Interactions in Epitaxial Layered Magnetic Structures".
Physica B
221, 357.
- M. Schafer, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, K. Takanashi, P. Grunberg, W. Zinn. 1995. "Experiments on Interlayer Exchange Coupling" (invited at 5th NEC Symp., Karuizawa, Japan).
J. of Mat. Sci. and Eng.
. B31, 17.
- A. Fert, P. Grunberg, A. Barthelemy, F. Petroff, W. Zinn (invited at ICM in Warsaw, 1994). 1995. "Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance".
JMMM
. 140-144, 1.
- P. Grunberg, A. Fuß, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, J.A. Wolf. 1993. "Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure".
Proc. of NATO workshop on "Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension", ed. by R.F.C. Farrow et al., NATO ASI Series B: Physics Vol. 309, p. 87, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1993
.
- A. Fuß, S. Demokritov, P. Grunberg, W. Zinn. 1992. "Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers".
JMMM
. 103, L211.
- G. Binasch, P. Grunberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn. 1989. "Enhanced magnetoresistance in Fe-Cr layered structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange".
Physical Review B39
. 4282.
- P. Grunberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, H. Sowers. 1986. "Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of Fe-layers across Cr-interlayers".
Physical Review Letters
. 57, 2442.
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1901?1925
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1926?1950
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1951?1975
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1976?2000
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2001?present
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