From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kingdom of Hawai?i
Aupuni M??? o Hawai?i
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Motto:
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Anthem:
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Capital
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Common languages
| Hawaiian
,
English
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Religion
| Church of Hawaii
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Demonym(s)
| Hawaiian
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Government
| Absolute monarchy
(until 1840)
Constitutional monarchy
(from 1840)
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Monarch
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? 1795?1819
| Kamehameha I
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? 1819-1824
| Kamehameha II
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? 1825-1854
| Kamehameha III
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? 1855-1863
| Kamehameha IV
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? 1863-1872
| Kamehameha V
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? 1873-1874
| Lunalilo
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? 1874-1891
| Kalakaua
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? 1891?1893
| Lili?uokalani
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Kuhina Nui
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? 1819?1832
(first)
| Ka?ahumanu
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? 1863?1864
(last)
| Kek?an?o?a
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Legislature
| Legislature
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| House of Nobles
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| House of Representatives
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History
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? Inception
| May, 1795
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| March/April 1810
[10]
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| October 8, 1840
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| February 25 ? July 31, 1843
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| November 28, 1843
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| August 22, 1849 - September 5, 1849
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| January 17, 1893
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| January 24, 1895
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? 1780
| 400,000?800,000
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? 1800
| 250,000
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? 1832
| 130,313
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? 1890
| 89,990
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Currency
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Today part of
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The
Hawaiian Kingdom
, or
Kingdom of Hawai?i
, was a sovereign state located in the
Hawaiian Islands
.
The country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief
Kamehameha the Great
, of the independent island of
Hawai?i
, conquered the independent islands of
O?ahu
,
Maui
,
Moloka?i
and
L?na?i
and unified them under one government. In 1810, the whole
Hawaiian archipelago
became
unified
when
Kaua?i
and
Ni?ihau
joined the Hawaiian Kingdom voluntarily. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the
House of Kamehameha
and the
House of Kal?kaua
.
Major European powers recognised the country. The
United States
became its chief trading partner and watched over it to prevent some other power (such as
Britain
or
Japan
) from threatening to seize control. Hawai?i was forced to adopt a new constitution in 1887. King
Kal?kaua
signed it, because the
Honolulu Rifles
, an anti-monarchist militia, thratened him. Queen
Lili?uokalani
, who succeeded Kal?kaua in 1891, tried to replace the 1887 constitution with a new one. She was but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety, a group of residents consisting of Hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of American, British and German descent, many of whom had been educated in the US, had lived there for a time.
[11]
Hawai?i was an independent
republic
until the U.S. annexed it through the
Newlands Resolution
, on July 4, 1898. This created the
Territory of Hawaii
. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993 (informally known as the
Apology Resolution
), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum."
[12]
- ↑
Kanahele, George S. (1995). "Kamehameha's First Capital".
Waikiki, 100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.: An Untold Story
.
University of Hawaii Press
. pp. 90?102.
ISBN
978-0-8248-1790-9
.
- ↑
FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement
. 1991. p. 14.
- ↑
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013).
The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places
. Routledge. p. 315.
ISBN
978-1-134-25930-4
.
- ↑
Patrick Vinton Kirch; Therese I. Babineau (1996).
Legacy of the landscape: an illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites
. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63.
ISBN
978-0-8248-1816-6
.
- ↑
Patricia Schultz (2007).
1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die
. Workman Pub. p. 932.
ISBN
978-0-7611-4738-1
.
- ↑
Bryan Fryklund (4 January 2011).
Hawaii: The Big Island
. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 81.
ISBN
978-1-58843-637-5
.
- ↑
Benjamin F. Shearer (2004).
The Uniting States: Alabama to Kentucky
. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 296.
ISBN
978-0-313-33105-3
.
- ↑
Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (23 May 2013).
Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture
. ABC-CLIO. p. 352.
ISBN
978-1-61069-248-9
.
- ↑
Engineering Magazine
. Engineering Magazine Company. 1892. p. 286.
- ↑
Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson
(1965) [1938].
The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778?1854, Foundation and Transformation
. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 51.
ISBN
0-87022-431-X
.
- ↑
Schulz, Joy (2017).
Hawaiian by Birth: Missionary Children, Bicultural Identity, and U.S. Colonialism in the Pacific
.
University of Nebraska Press
. pp.
1
?238.
ISBN
978-0803285897
.
- ↑
"Public Law 103-150 - Wikisource, the free online library"
.