Burj Khalifa
|
---|
|
|
Former names
| Burj Dubai
|
---|
|
Tallest in the world since 2010
[I]
|
Preceded by
| Taipei 101
|
---|
|
Status
| Complete
|
---|
Type
| Mixed-use
|
---|
Architectural style
| Neo-futurism
|
---|
Location
| Dubai
|
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Address
| 1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard
|
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Country
| United Arab Emirates
|
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Coordinates
| 25°11′49.7″N
55°16′26.8″E
/
25.197139°N 55.274111°E
/
25.197139; 55.274111
|
---|
Named for
| Sheikh Khalifa
|
---|
Construction started
| 6 January 2004
(
2004-01-06
)
|
---|
Topped-out
| 17 January 2009
|
---|
Completed
| 1 October 2009
(
2009-10-01
)
|
---|
Opened
| 4 January 2010
|
---|
Cost
| US$
1.5 billion
|
---|
Owner
| Emaar Properties
|
---|
|
Architectural
| 828 m (2,717 ft)
|
---|
Tip
| 829.8 m (2,722 ft)
|
---|
Top floor
| 584.5 m (1,918 ft)
|
---|
Observatory
| 555.7 m (1,823 ft)
|
---|
|
Structural system
| Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium
|
---|
Floor count
| 154 + 9 maintenance
|
---|
Floor area
| 309,473 m
2
(3,331,100 sq ft)
|
---|
Lifts/elevators
| 57
|
---|
|
Architect
| Adrian Smith
|
---|
Architecture firm
| Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
|
---|
Structural engineer
| Bill Baker
|
---|
Main contractor
| Samsung C&T
|
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|
Parking
| 2 subterranean levels
|
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|
www
.burjkhalifa
.ae
|
|
[1]
|
Burj Khalifa
(
Arabic
:
??? ?????
,
"Khalifa Tower"
) is an extremely tall
skyscraper
in
Dubai
,
United Arab Emirates
named after
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
, and is the tallest building ever built, at 828 metres (2,717 feet). Before the
building
opened, it was called
Burj Dubai
. The building is 162 stories high.
Construction
of the tower was started on 6 January 2004, and the building was officially opened on 4 January 2010, almost 6 years later.
[2]
[3]
It is the tallest
structure
made by
humans
in the
world
. The building is more than 300 metres (980 feet) taller than
Taipei 101
. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built.
Adrian Smith
designed
the tower.
[4]
He worked with
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
(SOM) until 2006.
[5]
It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec.
[6]
The tower cost
US $
1.5 billion to build.
[7]
The building is part of a 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near
Dubai
's main business district.
The main contractor was Samsung C&T of
South Korea
. They also built the
Taipei 101
and
Petronas Towers
.
[8]
Other contractors who helped with the building included
Belgian
group Besix and Arabtec from the
UAE
. The Turner
Construction
Company was chosen as the construction project manager.
[9]
The design
architect
,
Adrian Smith
, did not like the first design of the upper part of the building. He added 27 new floors and an
aluminium
spire
to the top of the plans. The design of Burj Khalifa based on those used in
Islamic architecture
. Burj Khalifa has been said to have had several other planned height increases since it was first built. This has not been proven to be true yet. The
TV
/
radio
communications
mast
was added to the tower's plans in 2007. This was after building work had begun in 2006. There are
pressurized
,
air-conditioned
refuge floors about every 35 floors. These were put into the tower in case of an
emergency
or
fire
.
[10]
The unusual design and
engineering
problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many
television
documentaries
. These include the
Big, Bigger, Biggest
series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the
Mega Builders
series on the
Discovery Channel
.
The most important building material of Burj Khalifa is reinforced
concrete
. A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's
weight
and the hot local
climate
of
Persian Gulf
temperatures
that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building.
The foundation of the building is 15 metres (49 feet) deep. It was built with 192
columns
being put into the ground. Each column was 1.5 metres (4 feet 11 inches) in
diameter
and 43 metres (141 feet) long.
[11]
55,000 tonnes (121,000,000 pounds) of
steel
rebar
was used in the construction of the tower. It took 22 million man-hours to build.
[12]
A high
density
, low
permeability
concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from
corrosive
chemicals
in local ground water.
A
fountain
system was built outside the tower. It was designed by WET Design of
California
. They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in
Las Vegas
. The fountain cost
UAEd
800 million. It is lit by 6,600
lights
and 50 coloured
projectors
. The fountain is 84 metres (275 feet) long. It shoots
water
46 metres (150 feet) into the air to the sounds of
classical
and modern
Arabic
and
world music
.
[13]
On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain.
[14]
Emaar Properties said on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was slowed because of changes to
finishes
. An Emaar official said that the luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was first planned, were being being replaced by better finishes. The design of the
apartments
were also made better. This was done to make them both look better and work better.
[15]
There were problems with the
marble
decorations
, flooring, the top floors'
sanitation
system, broken
glasswork
and a poorly done wall
mural
of the
Sultan of Oman
. A new ending date of 2 December, 2009, was then given.
[16]
Burj Khalifa opened on 4 January 2010.
[17]
[18]
Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from
South Asia
.
[19]
[20]
Press reports
said in 2006 that skilled
carpenters
at the site earned
UK£
4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.
[19]
According to a
BBC
investigation and a
Human Rights Watch
report, the workers lived in very bad conditions. Often they were not paid for the work. Their
passports
were taken by their
employers
. It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of
deaths
and
injuries
.
[21]
Companies
not paying workers has been reported to the
authorities
several times.
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers
protested
. They were mad about
buses
that were delayed for the end of their shifts. They damaged
cars
,
offices
,
computers
, and construction equipment.
[19]
A
Dubai Interior Ministry
official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.
[19]
Most of the workers who were part of the
riot
returned the following day but refused to work.
[19]
The building is not only the tallest building in the world, it also holds the following records-
- Tallest skyscraper to top of spire: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 ? 509.2 m (1,671 ft))
- Tallest structure ever built: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously
Warsaw radio mast
? 646.38 m (2,121 ft))
- Tallest freestanding structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously CN Tower ? 553.3 m (1,815 ft))
- Building with most floors: 160 (previously
Willis Tower
? 108)
[22]
- World's highest elevator installation
[23]
- Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)
[24]
(previously Taipei 101 ? 449.2 m (1,474 ft))
- Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 606 m (1,988 ft)
[24]
(previously
Riva del Garda
Hydroelectric Power Plant ? 532 m (1,745 ft)
[25]
)
- The first
world's tallest structure
in history to include residential space
[26]
[11]
- Highest outdoor
observation deck
in the world (126th floor), at about 440 m (1,440 ft).
[27]
- World's highest installation of an aluminum and glass facade, at a height of 512 m (1,680 ft).
- World's highest
swimming pool
(125th floor)
[28]
- Worlds highest restaurant (128th floor)
[29]
-
Construction work during February 2006
-
29 August 2006
-
11 November 2006
-
2 January 2007
-
3 January 2007
-
21 March 2007
-
4 December 2007
-
Construction work during 11 March 2008
-
8 May 2008
-
The
spire
is added along with the
TV/radio mast
-
4 January 2010, skyline of Dubai with Burj Khalifa in the background
Records
|
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)
|
World's tallest structure ever built
2008 ? Present
|
Incumbent
|
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft)
|
World's tallest structure
2008 ? Present
|
Preceded by
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft)
|
World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 ? Present
|
Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft)
|
World's tallest building
2009 ? Present
|
Preceded by
Sears Tower
108 floors
|
Building with the most floors
2007 ? Present
|
- ↑
"Burj Khalifa"
.
CTBUH
Skyscraper Center
.
- ↑
"Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced"
.
Gulf News
. 4 November 2009.
Archived
from the original on 6 November 2009
. Retrieved
4 November
2009
.
- ↑
"World's tallest building opens in Dubai"
.
BBC News
. 4 January 2010.
Archived
from the original on 5 January 2010
. Retrieved
4 January
2010
.
- ↑
"EMAAR Press Release - Burj Dubai reaches a record high, Dubai, UAE, July 21, 2007"
. Archived from
the original
on 29 December 2007
. Retrieved
2 January
2008
.
- ↑
"Architect Magazine: Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm"
.
Archived
from the original on 27 December 2008
. Retrieved
31 January
2008
.
- ↑
"Burj Dubai - SkyscraperPage.com"
.
Archived
from the original on 11 October 2012
. Retrieved
31 January
2008
.
- ↑
"What to see"
. Dubai Travel Desk. Archived from
the original
on 14 April 2009
. Retrieved
23 March
2009
.
- ↑
"Burj Dubai, Dubai"
. SkyscraperPage.
Archived
from the original on 11 October 2012
. Retrieved
23 March
2009
.
- ↑
"Turner International Projects ? Burj Dubai"
. Turner Construction.
Archived
from the original on 20 December 2008
. Retrieved
23 March
2009
.
- ↑
Puckett, Katie (3 October 2008).
"Burj Dubai: Top of the world"
.
Building
. Retrieved
31 December
2009
.
- ↑
11.0
11.1
"Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com"
.
Emporis
.
Archived
from the original on 20 January 2007
. Retrieved
1 March
2007
.
- ↑
"EMAAR Press Release - Burj Dubai reaches a record high, Dubai, UAE, July 21, 2007"
. Archived from
the original
on 29 December 2007
. Retrieved
2 January
2008
.
- ↑
"Emaar brings world-class water, light and music spectacle to Burj Dubai Lake"
.
Emaar Properties
. 9 June 2008.
Archived
from the original on 10 July 2011
. Retrieved
13 June
2008
.
- ↑
"
'Dubai Fountain' is winning name of Emaar's water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai"
.
Emaar Properties
. 26 October 2008.
Archived
from the original on 10 January 2014
. Retrieved
26 October
2008
.
- ↑
Das Augustine, Babu (9 June 2008).
"Burj Dubai completion delayed by another eight to nine months"
.
Gulf News
. Archived from
the original
on 13 June 2008
. Retrieved
21 June
2008
.
- ↑
"Burj Dubai opening date announced"
. Homes Overseas. 31 July 2009.
Archived
from the original on 7 August 2009
. Retrieved
1 August
2009
.
- ↑
"Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced"
.
Gulf News
. 4 November 2009.
Archived
from the original on 6 November 2009
. Retrieved
4 November
2009
.
- ↑
"World's tallest building opens in Dubai"
.
BBC News
. 4 January 2010.
Archived
from the original on 5 January 2010
. Retrieved
4 January
2010
.
- ↑
19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
Whitaker, Brian (23 March 2006).
"Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on 8 April 2008
. Retrieved
25 March
2006
.
- ↑
"Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret!"
.
The Hindu
. 3 January 2010. Archived from
the original
on 7 January 2010
. Retrieved
6 January
2010
.
- ↑
"Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa"
. Migrant-Rights.org. 4 January 2010.
Archived
from the original on 9 May 2012
. Retrieved
6 January
2010
.
- ↑
"Willis Tower"
.
Emporis
.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2010
. Retrieved
6 January
2010
.
- ↑
"Some interesting facts on the Burj Dubai"
. The Tallest Buildings in the World. 19 August 2008. Archived from
the original
on 22 June 2012
. Retrieved
1 August
2009
.
- ↑
24.0
24.1
"Putzmeister ? Burj Dubai"
.
Putzmeister
.
Archived
from the original on 26 January 2009
. Retrieved
23 March
2009
.
- ↑
"1994 ? World record: 532 m high - rise concrete conveying at the power station "Riva del Garda", Italy"
.
Putzmeister
.
Archived
from the original on 26 January 2009
. Retrieved
11 April
2009
.
- ↑
"Penthouse living in the world's tallest building"
. The National. September 2016
. Retrieved
27 July
2020
.
- ↑
"
'At The Top' - Burj Dubai's Observation Deck"
. BurjDubai.com.
Archived
from the original on 2 January 2010
. Retrieved
6 January
2010
.
- ↑
"Burj Khalifa Fact Sheet"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 19 June 2018
. Retrieved
28 July
2020
.
- ↑
"Highest restaurant opens at Dubai's Burj Khalifa"
.
Archived
from the original on 11 July 2020
. Retrieved
11 July
2020
.