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??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??. ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? 100% ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.
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A user suggests that this ???? ???????? page be cleaned up.
|
Please see the discussion on
Requests for cleanup
(
+
)
for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.
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This policy explains considerations for Japanese entries that are not covered by
WT:ELE
and other general policies.
???? ??? ?????????
[
????????
]
This is a simple entry for the word
?典
(
jiten
,
“
dictionary
”
)
, and shows the most fundamental elements of an article:
==????==
{{
ja-kanjitab
|じ|てん|yomi=o}}
===
??? ???
===
{{
ja-noun
|じてん}}
# a [[dictionary]]
Following are the guidelines for entries for the
lemma
form of Japanese terms: (
vote
)
- As a general rule, the most common spelling is considered the lemma.
- Rare or archaic
和語
(
wago
)
terms may use the kana spelling as the lemma, to avoid cramming kanji entries with too many readings. (This does not apply to proper nouns, specialized terms, etc.)
- When the situation is unclear, editors are advised to use their best judgment on a case by case basis.
For non-lemma entries (e.g. for alternative spellings, r?maji, and conjugated forms), see
#Non-lemma forms
for the more abbreviated form to use instead.
Headings before the definitions
[
????????
]
For entries with kanji,
{{
ja-kanjitab
}}
shows the component kanji in a table floated at the right margin.
{{
ja-kanjitab
}}
immediately follows the
==Japanese==
language heading, e.g.:
==????==
{{
ja-kanjitab
|じ|てん|yomi=o}}
- For details, see:
Wiktionary:About Japanese/Etymology
.
Japanese is rich in homophones and homographs, so there will often be multiple numbered “Etymology” headers. In this case,
{{
ja-kanjitab
}}
can instead be placed directly underneath each etymology:
===Etymology 1===
{{ja-kanjitab|に|ごん|yomi=o}}
Compound of {{compound|ja|sort=にごん|二|tr1=ni|t1=two|言|tr2=gon|t2=speech}}.
====Noun====
{{ja-noun|にごん}}
# [[duplicity]], [[double]] [[dealing]], double [[tongue]]
===Etymology 2===
{{ja-kanjitab|ふた|こと|yomi=k}}
Compound of {{compound|ja|sort=ふたこと|二|tr1=futa|t1=two|言|tr2=koto|t2=word}}.
====Noun====
{{ja-noun|ふたこと}}
# two [[word]]s
# [[repetition]]
Pronunciation
[
????????
]
For the
===Pronunciation===
section, use
{{
ja-pron
}}
.
The article core
[
????????
]
The part of speech or other descriptor
[
????????
]
See
#Parts of speech
for the list of standard “parts of speech” for English Wiktionary's Japanese entries.
Headword (inflection) line
[
????????
]
The part of speech inflection line should be formatted with one of the following:
- For details, see:
Wiktionary:Entry layout
.
Headings after the definitions
[
????????
]
- For details, see:
Wiktionary:Entry layout
.
Conjugation (for verbs), Inflection (
-i
and
-na
adjectives)
[
????????
]
- Note:
活用
translates to
conjugation
in English when applied to verbs, and
inflection
when applied to adjectives and nouns.
Conjugation templates have been created for verbs (ichidan, godan, and suru), and inflection templates for adjectives.
The following templates for modern Japanese are complete:
- Generic templates which can be used inside all other templates as well as for irregular patterns such as
ある
.
- Specific templates based on the generic templates
- Ichidan Conjugation
{{
ja-ichi
}}
- Godan Conjugation
- Irregular Conjugation
- する
and verbs ending with
-する
{{
ja-suru
}}
- ?る
and compounds such as
やって?る
{{
ja-kuru
}}
- Honorifics
いらっしゃる
,
おっしゃる
,
なさる
{{
ja-honorific
}}
- ending with
-ずる
{{
ja-zuru
}}
- Adjectives (
-i
inflection)
{{
ja-i
}}
- Adjectives (
-na
inflection)
{{
ja-na
}}
For classical Japanese, we will need additional templates for:
- Verb and adjective conjugation (classical)
{{
ja-conj-bungo
}}
Wiktionary may be used by students who are not proficient in Japanese and may be unfamiliar with or unable to type the kanji, hiragana, or katakana versions of Japanese terms. The
criteria for inclusion
of Japanese entries includes romaji and hiragana entries. A romaji entry satisfies the criteria for inclusion if any of its hiragana, katakana, or kanji transliterations satisfy the standard criteria. Likewise, a hiragana or katakana transliteration of a kanji entry satisfies the criteria for inclusion if that kanji entry satisfies the standard criteria.
Hiragana entries
[
????????
]
Hiragana entries with corresponding kanji entries should be formatted like this:
==Japanese==
===(part of speech)===
(POS template)
# {{ja-def|
kanji form 1
}}
short definition 1
# {{ja-def|
kanji form 2
}}
short definition 2
(other parts of speech, in English alphabetical order)
If the hiragana is a pronunciation of a kanji which is only used in compounds, add an
===Affix===
part-of-speech section like this:
===Affix===
{{
ja-pos
|affix}}
#
add senses
Hiragana entries will thus act as the canonical entry for pronunciation and homophones.
Romaji entries
[
????????
]
See
/Transliteration
for the romanization method
Romaji entries serve as soft redirects to hiragana and/or katakana entries, and have no definitions, parts of speech headings, or other information. Such information belongs in kanji and kana entries. Hiragana and katakana entries may serve for disambiguation, while romaji entries do not. The only category romaji entries belong to is "
Category:Japanese romanizations
" (see
Template:ja-romaji
). Romaji entries should be formatted as follows:
A hiragana-only example: "
tsuku
"
==Japanese==
===Romanization===
{{ja-romaji}}
# {{ja-romanization of|つく}}
A katakana-only example: "
r?to
"
==Japanese==
===Romanization===
{{ja-romaji}}
# {{ja-romanization of|ル?ト}}
A hiragana and katakana example: "
ringo
"
==Japanese==
===Romanization===
{{ja-romaji}}
# {{ja-romanization of|りんご}}
# {{ja-romanization of|リンゴ}}
Entries for a single Kanji character are formatted as follows:
==Japanese==
===Kanji===
{{ja-kanji forms|?|兩}}
{{ja-kanji|grade=3|rs=一05|style=s|kyu=兩}}
# [[meaning 1]]
# [[meaning 2]]
====Readings====
{{ja-readings
|goon=りょう<りやう
|kanon=りょう<りやう
|toon=りゃん
|kun=ころ-, ふた-つ, もろ-
}}
Note: Among other things, the ja-kanji template categorizes the Kanji in
Category:Japanese kanji
which is sorted by radical/stroke (rs). (see
template:ja-kanji forms
,
template:ja-kanji
and
template:ja-readings
for other details.
Western explanations of Japanese grammar are so varied that none are definitive and no well-known Western methods are consistent with classical Japanese. Thus, the parts of speech should adhere to the common Japanese way of teaching grammar in modern
?語
(
kokugo
)
texts, the method with the widest agreement among Japanese scholars. To support such classification, templates for each part of speech will link to an explanatory page with alternatives as to how to classify that part of speech.
Part of speech and conjugation type are to be maintained separately. So, rather than referring to
godan verbs
, an entry will refer to
transitive verbs
or
intransitive verbs
that follow the
godan conjugation
.
- Noun
- use L3 or L4 header
Noun
and
{{
ja-noun
|(kana)}}
- e.g. for
頭
, use:
{{
ja-noun
|あたま}}
- ...which produces:
頭
(
hiragana
あたま
,
romaji
atama
)
- Note that pronouns (
代名詞
) should be considered a subclass of nouns, and not a separate part of speech.
- The count= parameter can be used to identify the counter used with this noun.
Use L3 or L4 header
Verb
and
{{
ja-verb
|type=(type)|(kana)}}
- Intransitive verb
(
自動詞
)
- e.g.
?わる
(
kawaru
)
, meaning “change” as in something changing
- e.g.
?える
(
kaeru
)
, meaning “change” as in changing something
To indicate transitivity, use the tr= parameter:
笑う
(
intransitive
,
godan conjugation
,
hiragana
わらう
,
romaji
warau
)
Verb conjugation patterns
[
????????
]
- Godan conjugation
(
五段活用
)
- also known as Type I Conjugation, Consonant-Stem Conjugation
- e.g.
?む
(
yomu
)
- Ichidan conjugation
(
一段活用
)
- also known as Type II Conjugation, Vowel-Stem Conjugation (includes
Kami-Ichidan
and
Shimo-Ichidan Conjugation
)
- e.g.
見る
(
miru
)
,
出る
(
deru
)
- Irregular conjugation
- Kuru Conjugation
(
カ行?格活用
)
- also known as KA-hen Conjugation, Type III Conjugation, Irregular Conjugation
- ?る
(
kuru
)
- Suru conjugation
(
サ行?格活用
)
- also known as SA-hen conjugation, Type III Conjugation, Irregular Conjugation
- e.g.
する
(
suru
)
,
勉?する
(
benky?suru
)
- Irregular honorific conjugation
- e.g.
いらっしゃる
(
irassharu
)
,
なさる
(
nasaru
)
For classical Japanese (
文語
), the following should also be included:
- Yodan conjugation
(
四段活用
)
- e.g.
逢ふ
(
apu
)
- Kami-Ichidan conjugation
(
上一段活用
)
- e.g.
見る
(
miru
)
- Kami-Nidan conjugation
(
上二段活用
)
- e.g.
落つ
(
otu
)
- Shimo-Ichidan conjugation
(
下一段活用
)
- 蹴る
(
keru
)
- Shimo-Nidan conjugation
(
下二段活用
)
- e.g.
出づ
(
idu
)
- Irregular K conjugation
(
カ行?格活用
)
- e.g.
?る
(
kuru
)
- Irregular S conjugation
(
サ行?格活用
)
- e.g.
する
(
suru
)
,
勉?する
(
benky?suru
)
- Irregular N conjugation
(
ナ行?格活用
)
- ?ぬ
(
inu
)
,
死ぬ
(
shinu
)
- Irregular R conjugation
(
ラ行?格活用
)
- なり
(
nari
)
,
あり
(
ari
)
,
侍り
(
haberi
)
- also known as i-adjectives, true adjectives, verbal adjectives, descriptive verbs
- e.g.
美しい
(
utsukushii
)
For classical Japanese (
文語
), the following should also be included:
- Ku Inflection
(
ク活用
)
- Shiku Inflection
(
シク活用
)
Use L3 or L4 header
Adjective
and
{{
ja-adj
|infl=i|(kana)}}
.
- also known as na-adjectives, quasi-adjectives, nominals, descriptive nouns, copular adjectives
- e.g.
?か
(
shizuka
)
For classical Japanese (
文語
), the following should also be included:
- Nari Inflection
(
ナリ活用
)
- Tari Inflection
(
タリ活用
)
Use L3 or L4 header
Adjective
and
{{
ja-adj
|infl=na|(kana)}}
. For lemma entries, it is helpful to include L4 or L5 header
Inflection
and
{{
ja-na
|(kana)}}
.
- e.g.
あまり
(
amari
)
,
きっと
(
kitto
)
Use L3 or L4 header
Adverb
and
{{
ja-pos
|adverb|(kana)}}
.
- e.g.
けれども
keredomo
,
から
kara
,
のに
no ni
Use L3 or L4 header
Conjunction
and
{{
ja-pos
|conjunction|(kana)}}
.
Interjections (
感動詞
)
[
????????
]
e.g.
ほら
(
hora
)
,
あら
(
ara
)
,
はい
(
hai
)
,
いいえ
(
iie
)
Use L3 or L4 header
Interjection
and
{{
ja-pos
|interjection|(kana)}}
.
- Case particle
(
格助詞
)
- Sentence-final particle
(
終助詞
)
- Indirect particle
(
間投助詞
)
- Adverbial particle
(
副助詞
)
- Binding particle
(
係助詞
)
- Conjunctive particle
(
接?助詞
)
Use L3 or L4 header
Particle
and
{{
ja-pos
|particle|(kana)}}
.
- also known as auxiliary verb
- Indicate the type of conjugation (e.g. like godan, i-adjective, etc.)
Use L3 or L4 header
Suffix
and
{{
ja-pos
|suffix|(kana)}}
.
- also known as prenominal adjectives, pre-noun adjectives
e.g.
この
(
kono
)
,
その
(
sono
)
,
あの
(
ano
)
,
どの
(
dono
)
,
いわゆる
(
iwayuru
)
Use L3 or L4 header
Adnominal
and
{{
ja-pos
|adnominal|(kana)}}
. This is a closed-class part of speech with a relatively limited number of terms. Not everything that comes before a noun is an adnominal.
Counter words (
助?詞
)
[
????????
]
Use L3 or L4 header
Counter
and
{{
ja-pos
|counter|(kana)}}
.
Do not use a hyphen with kanji, katakana, or hiragana, but do use one with romaji.
Use L3 or L4 header
Prefix
{{
ja-pos
|prefix|(kana)}}
. Do not use a hyphen with kanji, katakana, or hiragana, but do use one with romaji.
Use L3 or L4 header
Suffix
and
{{
ja-pos
|suffix|(kana)}}
. Do not use a hyphen with kanji, katakana, or hiragana, but do use one with romaji.
- See
Wiktionary:About Japanese/Transliteration
.
Many nouns in Japanese have a verb form that is created by simply appending
する
(
suru
)
. Because this type of verb is so closely associated with the noun stem, its entry is considered the plain form minus
する
. There is a special headword template for those verbs:
{{
ja-verb-suru
}}
. See
監督
.
Note however that some verbs ending in
する
behave differently, such as
愛する
and other verbs with one kanji plus
する
. See
愛する
.
Because entries for short hiragana tokens (e.g.,
しょ
,
sho
) can correspond to so many kanji, it makes sense to have a level 3 section at the bottom called "Hiragana", with level 4 sections for on'yomi readings and kun'yomi readings. It might be prudent to include subtle differences in pronunciation (as exists between
hashi
"bridge" and
hashi
"chopstick"), but it is unclear how to indicate such differences using the wiki software.
Any Japanese entry that is part of any larger terms that meet the criteria for inclusion should have a level 4 section with a bulleted list of links to the larger terms. That level 4 section should be called "Compounds" in kanji entries and "Derived terms" in non-kanji entries. The bulleted items that begin with the entry should come first.
A level 4 section called "Names" should contain any common names constructed from the kanji, even if such names duplicate a compound word.
To accommodate the diverse needs and fluency levels of readers, each Japanese phrase or term should be expressed in four forms: a formal Japanese version, a kana version, a romaji version, and an English language translation. The additional verbosity is necessary to produce a general-purpose resource.
The main entry for the part of speech sometimes called quasi-adjective and sometimes called adjectival noun (
形容動詞
in Japanese) should be in the form without the な (
na
), on the same page as the noun form if there is one:
===Adjective===
{{
ja-adj
|(kana)|infl=な}}
E.g.
平安
(
heian
)
has a level 3 section like this:
===Adjective===
{{
ja-adj
|へいあん|infl=な}}
This should be followed by the definition(s), and then the inflection table using template
{{
ja-na
}}
. Note that
na
type adjectives have
inflections
, so the header should be
Inflection
, not
Conjugation
.
List of relevant categories
[
????????
]
- Category:Japanese language
- The root category in the Wiktionary category tree for Japanese terms. All other Japanese-related categories are ultimately within this category. Most Japanese entries should be categorized in one or more of the more specific categories below. Individual words should only be in this top level category if they are
about
the Japanese language (e.g. the entry for
hiragana
).
Words are categorized properly in the Part of Speech and Script form categories automatically by the POS templates (ja-noun, ja-verb, ja-adj, and ja-pos).
All categories should be sorted by hiragana except
Category:Japanese kanji
and
Category:Japanese romanizations
. If the page title is not completely in hiragana, then put the hiragana version of the term as the sort key like this [[Category:mycategory|sortkey]].
A note about hiragana sort keys:
In most Japanese dictionaries,
だいがく
, for example, would be listed amongst
た
words and not separated into its own
だ
section. However, by default Wiktionary does the latter. To fix this, we would give
だいがく
the sort key of
たいがく
.
たいがく
(
退?
) is a word too though, so we would not want
だいがく
to show up before it on the list. To assure it shows up afterwards, we stick
'
at the end to give it a slightly greater alphabetical order value. For words starting with
ぱ
or any hiragana with the little circle mark, we stick two 's at the end (
''
).
Romaji pages usually do not need a sort key, but if for some reason it begins with a capital letter, add a sort key with the lowercase version.
Kanji sortkeys are formatted like so: radical + number of strokes beyond radical (two digits) + the kanji itself. The sort key for
上
would be
一02上
Sometimes, we know there is a problem, but don't know what to do to correct the problem. If you should find a Japanese entry with a problem that you do not know how to correct, there are several ways to approach the situation.
- Mark the page with
{{
attention
|ja}}
. This template adds the entry to
Category:Japanese terms needing attention
, where another user can then find and correct the problem. It helps if you include comments on the entry's talk page explaining what the problem is or why you think the page needs attention.
- Raise the issue on
Wiktionary talk:About Japanese
. Note that this approach is primarily for issues of style, formatting, categorization, and not for specifics of content.
- Mark the page with
{{
rfc
}}
. This is a more general cleanup tag that allows the user to include reasons or concerns as an argument in the template. Be sure to also add an entry to
WT:RFC
concerning the word so that other editors will be made aware of the problem.
These are basic translation examples. As a general practice, only link to the
lemma
form of any given term. For instance, for the Japanese translation of the English term
cypress
, link to the kanji spelling
檜
, using
{{
t
|ja|檜|tr=hinoki}}
. Any further details about alternative spellings should be included in that entry, and not in the translation tables.
* Japanese: {{t|ja|環境|tr=kanky?}}
You may find examples of older
deprecated
formatting, where the
tr=
transliteration parameter may have included kana. These might look like:
* Japanese: {{t|ja|環境|tr=かんきょう, kanky?}}
Or:
* Japanese: {{t|ja|環境|tr=[[かんきょう]], kanky?}}
Do not copy this format. If you encounter existing content that includes kana in the
tr=
parameter, current
best practice
is to remove the kana and leave only the
r?maji
.
If a term has multiple possible readings, list each reading in
r?maji
, separating with commas. For example,
故?
(
“
home town
”
)
may be read as either
furusato
or as
koky?
. When adding this to a translation table, use the following format:
* Japanese: {{t|ja|故?|tr=furusato, koky?}}
In general, list the readings in order from most to least common.
If a word is only, or most commonly, written in kana, link to the kana spelling and add the
r?maji
transliteration:
* Japanese: {{t|ja|スポ?ツ|tr=sup?tsu}}
For verb conjugations and other derived forms, link to the lemma forms and use the
alt=
parameter to indicate the form to display. For example, the Japanese translation for
tired
links to the lemma form
疲れる
(
tsukareru
,
“
to tire, to get tired
”
)
, while displaying the conjugated form
疲れた
(
tsukareta
,
“
tired
”
)
:
* Japanese: {{t|ja|疲れる|alt=疲れた|tr=tsukareta}}
Other Japanese aids
[
????????
]