Vietnam War
(Chi?n tranh Vi?t Nam)
|
---|
the
Indochina Wars
and the
Cold War
?? ??????
|
?????:VNWarMontage.png
Clockwise, from top left
: U.S. combat operations in
Ia Drang
, ARVN Rangers defending
Saigon
during the 1968
Tet Offensive
, two
A-4C Skyhawks
after the
Gulf of Tonkin incident
, ARVN recapture
Qu?ng Tr?
during the 1972
Easter Offensive
, civilians fleeing the
1972 Battle of Qu?ng Tr?
, and burial of 300 victims of the 1968
Hu? Massacre
.
|
????
| 1 November 1955
[A 1]
? 30 ???????? 1975
(
1975-04-30
)
(??? 19 ??, ??? 5 ??, ??? 4 ?? ?? ??? ??????)
|
---|
???????
| |
---|
?????????
|
North Vietnamese
victory
|
---|
????????????????
?????????
|
Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
.
|
---|
|
?????????????
|
---|
???????:??? ???? South Vietnam
United States
South Korea
???????:??? ???? Thailand
Australia
Philippines
New Zealand
???????:??? ???? Khmer Republic
???????:??? ???? Kingdom of Laos
Military support:
????????
[1]
[2]
|
???????:??? ???? North Vietnam
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
Viet Cong
Khmer Rouge
???????:Country data Laos
Pathet Lao
China
North Korea
Military support:
Soviet Union
Cuba
[6]
[7]
|
????????? ?? ???????
|
---|
???????:Country data South Vietnam
Ngo đinh Di?m
†
???????:Country data South Vietnam
Nguy?n V?n Thi?u
???????:Country data South Vietnam
Nguy?n Cao K?
???????:Country data South Vietnam
Cao V?n Vien
???????:Country data South Vietnam
Ngo Quang Tr??ng
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Robert McNamara
William Westmoreland
Creighton Abrams
Frederick C. Weyand
Park Chung-hee
Thanom Kittikachorn
Robert Menzies
Harold Holt
John McEwen
John Gorton
William McMahon
???????:Country data PHI
Ferdinand Marcos
Keith Holyoake
Jack Marshall
Norman Kirk
???????:Country data ROC
Chiang Kai-Shek
…
and others
|
???????:Country data North Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
???????:Country data North Vietnam
Le Du?n
???????:Country data North Vietnam
Vo Nguyen Giap
???????:Country data North Vietnam
V?n Ti?n D?ng
???????:Country data North Vietnam
Le Tr?ng T?n
???????:Country data North Vietnam
Ph?m V?n đ?ng
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
Hoang V?n Thai
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
Tr?n V?n Tra
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
Nguy?n V?n Linh
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
Nguy?n H?u Th?
…
and others
|
??????? ??????????
|
---|
?1,420,000 (1968)
???????:Country data South Vietnam
: 850,000 (1968)
1,500,000 (1974?75)
[21]
United States: 543,000 (April 1969)
[22]
[23]
South Korea: 50,003
Thailand: 11,570
[24]
Australia: 7,672
Philippines: 2,061
New Zealand: 552
[25]
|
?860,000
(1967)
???????:Country data North Vietnam
: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Viet Cong)
[26]
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
Viet Cong: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)
[27]
[25]
China: 170,000 (1967)
[28]
[29]
[30]
???????:Country data North Korea
: 200
[31]
|
????????? ?? ????
|
---|
???????:Country data South Vietnam
195,000?430,000 civilian dead
[32]
[33]
[34]
254,256
[35]
?313,000 military dead
1,170,000 wounded
[37]
United States
58,220 dead;
[38]
303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)
[A 2]
South Korea
5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing
Australia
521 dead; 3,129 wounded
[44]
Thailand
351 dead; 1,358 wounded
[45]
New Zealand
37 dead; 187 wounded
[46]
Taiwan
25 dead;
[47]
Philippines
9 dead;
[48]
64 wounded
[49]
Total military dead: 318,568?377,311
Total wounded: ?1,340,000+
[37]
|
???????:Country data North Vietnam
???????:Country data Republic of South Vietnam
North Vietnam & Viet Cong
65,000 civilian dead
[33]
849,018 military dead
[50]
[51]
600,000+ wounded
[52]
China
?1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded
[30]
???????:Country data North Korea
14 dead
[53]
Total military dead: 850,132+
Total wounded: ?604,200
|
Vietnamese civilian dead
: 627,000?2,000,000
[33]
[54]
[55]
Vietnamese total dead
: 966,000
[32]
?3,091,000
[56]
Cambodian Civil War dead
: 240,000?300,000*
[57]
[58]
Laotian Civil War dead
: 20,000?62,000*
Non-Indochinese military dead (sum)
: 65,425
Total dead (sum)
: 1,291,425?4,211,451
For more information see
Vietnam War casualties
and
Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War
* indicates approximations
|
????????? ??????
(
?????????
: ????? ?? ????? ????),
???? ???????? ??????
,
????????? ????? ?????????? ??????
?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
???? ??????
-???? ???, 1955 ????????? 1 ?? ??? ???
[A 1]
1975 ???????? 30 ?????
?????? ???????
?????
?????????
,
?????
, ??
????????
?? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ???????
. ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????
??????? ?????
, ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ???????, ?????????????, ????????? ?? ????? ????????????-?????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (proxy war) ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????.
????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???. ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???.
????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???, ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????.
1950 ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???. 1960 ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? 1961 ?? ?? 1962 ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???. 1964 ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???. ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???. 1965 ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???. 1968 ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???. 1968 ?? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? Tet Offensive ????? ??? ???. Tet Offensive ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? Tet Offensive ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? Tet Offensive ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???.
???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? "??????????????" ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???. 1973 ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????.
?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? 1973 ??????? 15 ????? ???. ????? ???????? ?????? 1975 ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???. ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? 966 000 - ?????? 3.1 ???? ?????? ????. 240 000 ??? 300 000 ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? 20 000 ??? 62 000 ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? 58 220 ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1 626 ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??.
- ↑
Moise 1996
, pp. 3?4
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMoise1996 (
help
)
.
- ↑
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
"Allies of the Republic of Vietnam"
. ???????????
24 September
2011
.
- ↑
"Chapter Three: 1957?1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam"
(PDF)
.
University of Malaya
Student Repository. p. 72
. ???????????
17 October
2015
.
- ↑
"Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers)"
(PDF)
. Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR),
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)
. 2008. p. 31.
ISBN
978-9832220268
. 16 October 2015 ???
???? ?????
(PDF)
?????? ???????? ??? ???
. ???????????
17 October
2015
.
The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.
- ↑
Weil, Thomas E. et. al.
Area Handbook for Brazil
(1975), p. 293
- ↑
The Cuban Military Under Castro
, 1989. p. 76
- ↑
Cuba in the World, 1979. p. 66
- ↑
"Cesky a slovensky svet"
. Svet.czsk.net
. ???????????
24 February
2014
.
- ↑
"Bilateralni vztahy ?eske republiky a Vietnamske socialisticke republiky | Mezinarodni vztahy | e-Polis ? Internetovy politologicky ?asopis"
. E-polis.cz
. ???????????
24 February
2014
.
- ↑
"Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s"
.
Library of Congress
. 1992.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)…
- ↑
"Project MUSE ? l Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the "Vietnam Bonus" of the Early 1970s"
(PDF)
.
- ↑
"Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police"
. 20 August 2014.
- ↑
Crump 2015
, p. 183
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCrump2015 (
help
)
- ↑
14.0
14.1
Radvanyi, Janos (1980).
"Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official"
(PDF)
.
Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College
. Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania.
10
(3): 8?15. 2017-05-25 ???
???? ?????
(PDF)
?????? ???????? ??? ???
. ???????????
2018-04-06
.
- ↑
"Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?"
.
HistoryNet
. 25 July 2013
. ???????????
20 July
2016
.
- ↑
"Sweden announces support to Viet Cong"
.
HISTORY.com
. ???????????
20 July
2016
.
In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.
- ↑
17.0
17.1
DoD 1998
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDoD1998 (
help
)
- ↑
Lawrence 2009
, p. 20
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLawrence2009 (
help
)
.
- ↑
Olson & Roberts 1991
, p. 67
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFOlsonRoberts1991 (
help
)
.
???????:Cnf
- ↑
20.0
20.1
Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954?1960
???????? ?? ?????
2017-10-19 at the
Wayback Machine
, The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314?46; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
????????????? ????: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "WarBegan" defined multiple times with different content
- ↑
Le Gro, p. 28.
- ↑
Tucker, Spencer (2011).
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition
. ABC-CLIO. p. xlv.
ISBN
978-1851099610
.
- ↑
"Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection"
. nps.gov.
(citing The first American ground combat troops landed in
South Vietnam
during March 1965, specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division, deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang, Vietnam, airfield. During the height of U.S. military involvement, 31 December 1968, the breakdown of allied forces were as follows: 536,100 U.S. military personnel, with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces (SVNAF) with 88,343 having been killed to date. At the war's end, there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action (MIA) and prisoners of war (POW). Source: Harry G. Summers Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.)
- ↑
"Archived copy"
. 2 ??????? 2016 ???
???? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ???
. ??????????? 2 ??????? 2016
.
CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
, accessed 7 Nov 2017
- ↑
25.0
25.1
The A to Z of the Vietnam War
. The Scarecrow Press. 2005.
ISBN
978-1461719038
.
- ↑
Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954?1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.”. According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.
- ↑
Doyle,
The North
, pp. 45?49
- ↑
"China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam"
.
Toledo Blade
. Reuters. 16 May 1989
. ???????????
24 December
2013
.
- ↑
Roy, Denny (1998).
China's Foreign Relations
. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27.
ISBN
978-0847690138
.
- ↑
30.0
30.1
Womack, Brantly (2006-02-13).
China and Vietnam
.
ISBN
978-0521618342
.
- ↑
Pham Thi Thu Thuy (1 August 2013).
"The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations"
. NK News
. ???????????
3 October
2016
.
- ↑
32.0
32.1
????????????? ????: ??????
<ref>
????;
Hirschman
????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
- ↑
33.0
33.1
33.2
Lewy 1978
, pp. 450?53
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLewy1978 (
help
)
.
- ↑
Thayer 1985
, chap. 12
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThayer1985 (
help
)
.
- ↑
Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988),
United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965?1973
, Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"
- ↑
37.0
37.1
Tucker, Spencer E.
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
ABC-CLIO.
ISBN
1851099611
- ↑
"America's Wars Fact Sheet"
(PDF)
. ???????????
29 November
2017
.
- ↑
America's Wars
(PDF)
(Report). Department of Veterans Affairs. ???? 2010. 24 ?????? 2014 ???
???? ?????
(PDF)
?????? ???????? ??? ???.
- ↑
Anne Leland; Mari?Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu (26 February 2010).
American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics
(PDF)
(Report). Congressional Research Service.
- ↑
Lawrence 2009
, pp. 65, 107, 154, 217
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLawrence2009 (
help
)
- ↑
Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006).
Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945?1975
(Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software)
(Documentary). Koch Vision. Event occurs at 321 minutes.
ISBN
1417229209
.
- ↑
Kueter, Dale.
Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended.
AuthorHouse (21 March 2007).
ISBN
978-1425969318
- ↑
"Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962?72 | Australian War Memorial"
. Awm.gov.au
. ???????????
29 June
2013
.
- ↑
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
By Spencer C. Tucker "
https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC
"
- ↑
"Overview of the war in Vietnam | VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War"
. Vietnamwar.govt.nz. 16 ???? 1965. 26 ???? 2013 ???
???? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ???
. ??????????? 29 ???? 2013
.
- ↑
"America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War"
. ???????????
10 June
2017
.
- ↑
"Chapter III: The Philippines"
. History.army.mil. 29 ???????? 2013 ???
???? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ???
. ??????????? 24 ???????? 2014
.
- ↑
"Asian Allies in Vietnam"
(PDF)
. Embassy of South Vietnam. March 1970
. ???????????
18 October
2015
.
- ↑
"Chuyen đ? 4 CONG TAC TIM KI?M, QUY T?P HAI C?T LI?T S? T? NAY đ?N N?M 2020 VA NH?NG N?M TI?P THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu?n%20ly%20ch?%20đ?o/Chuyen%20đ?%204.doc"
.
- ↑
Associated Press, 3 April 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."
- ↑
Soames, John.
A History of the World
, Routledge, 2005.
- ↑
"North Korea fought in Vietnam War"
. BBC News. 31 March 2000
. ???????????
18 October
2015
.
- ↑
Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995).
"20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate"
.
The New York Times
. ???????????
24 February
2011
.
The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.
- ↑
"fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ"
. 23 April 2008
. ???????????
5 January
2013
.
From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths … 3.8 million in Vietnam
- ↑
Obermeyer, Murray & Gakidou 2008
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFObermeyerMurrayGakidou2008 (
help
)
.
- ↑
????????????? ????: ??????
<ref>
????;
Heuveline, Patrick 2001
????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
- ↑
????????????? ????: ??????
<ref>
????;
Banister, Judith 1993
????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????
- ↑
Lawrence 2009
, p.
20
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLawrence2009 (
help
)
- ↑
James Olson and Randy Roberts,
Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945?1990
, p. 67 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).
????????????? ????: "A" ??? ??????? ????
<ref>
??? ????????, ?? ????
<references group="A"/>
??? ?????? ?????? ???.