???? ???

???? ??? ( ?????????: public domain, PD) ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???, ^[1] ????? ???, ^[2] ???????? ??? ???????? , ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ^[3] ???? ???? ??? (exclusive) ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???? ???????, ????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??????? [ ???????? ]

???? ??????? [ ???????? ]

Newton's own copy of his *Principia* , with hand-written corrections for the second edition

??????? [ ???????? ]

???????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Boyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind . CSPD. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8 . 14 February 2015 ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? .
↑ Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment . Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4 . 20 December 2014 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? 27 October 2016 .
↑ unprotected ???????? ?? ????? 2 ?????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine on bitlaw.com

????? ????? [ ???????? ]

Center for the Study of the Public Domain , Duke University
Communia , internet association on the digital public domain

[Boyle2008-1] Boyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind . CSPD. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8 . 14 February 2015 ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? .

[Graber_2008_173-2] Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment . Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4 . 20 December 2014 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? . ??????????? 27 October 2016 .

[3] unprotected ???????? ?? ????? 2 ?????? 2016 at the Wayback Machine on bitlaw.com

[1]

[2]

[3]