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Wales

Cymru
Banner o Wales
Motto:  "Cymru am byth"   ( Welsh )
"Wales Foriver" or "Lang leeve Wales" [1]
Anthem :  " Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau "
"Laund o My Fathers"
Location o  Wales  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the Unitit Kinrick  (green)
Location o   Wales    ( dark green )

? on the European continent    ( green & dark grey )
? in the Unitit Kinrick    ( green )

Status Kintra
Caipital
and largest city
Cairdiff ( Caerdydd )
Coordinates : 52°18′N 3°36′W  /  52.3°N 3.6°W  / 52.3; -3.6
Offeecial leids
Demonym(s) Welsh ( Cymry )
Govrenment Devolved pairlamentar legislatur within pairlamentar constitutional monarchy
Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick
Rishi Sunak
Simon Hart
40 MPs (o 650)
Legislatur
Formation
? Unification bi Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
1057 [2]
3 Mairch 1284
1535
31 Julie 1998
Aurie
? Total
20,779 km 2 (8,023 sq mi)
Population
? 2011 census
3,063,456
? Density
148/km 2 (383.3/sq mi)
GDP   (nominal) 2014 [6]  estimate
? Tot
￡54 billion
? Per capita
￡18,000
Currency Poond sterling ( GBP )
Time zone UTC ​ ( GMT )
? Summer ( DST )
UTC +1 ( BST )
Date format dd/mm/yyyy ( AD )
Drivin side caur
Cawin code +44
ISO 3166 code GB-WLS

Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [?k?m.r?]  ( listen ) ) is a kintra that is pairt o the Unitit Kinrick an the island o Great Breetain . [7] It is mairchit bi Ingland tae the east , the Erse Sea tae the north an wast, an the Bristol Channel tae the sooth. It haed a population in 2011 o 3,063,456 an haes a tot aurie o 20,779 km 2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales haes ower 1,680 mile (2,700 km) o coastline an is lairgely moontainous, wi its heicher peaks in the north an central auries, includin Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ), its heichest summit. The kintra lees within the north temperate zone an haes a cheengeable, maritime climate .

Welsh naitional identity kythed amang the Celtic Britons efter the Roman widrawal frae Britain in the 5t century, an Wales is regairdit as ane o the modren Celtic naitions . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's daith in 1282 merkit the completion o Edward I o Ingland 's conquest o Wales, tho Owain Glynd?r briefly sturkent unthirldom tae Wales in the early 15t century. The hale o Wales wis annexed bi Ingland an incorporate within the Inglis legal seestem unner the Laws in Wales Acts 1535?1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developit in the 19t century. Welsh Leeberalism , exemplifeed in the early 20t century bi Lloyd George , wis displaced bi the growthe o socialism an the Labour Pairty . Welsh naitional feelin growed ower the century; Plaid Cymru wis formed in 1925 an the Welsh Leid Society in 1962. Established unner the Government o Wales Act 1998 , the Naitional Assembly for Wales hauds responsibeelity for a range o devolved policy matters .

At the dawn o the Industrial Revolution , development o the minin an metallurgical industries transformed the kintra frae an agricultural society intae an industrial naition; the South Wales Coalfield 's exploitation gart a fest waxin o Wales' population. Twa-thirds o the population leeve in sooth Wales , mainly in an aroond Cairdiff (the caipital), Swansea an Newport , an in the naurhaun valleys . Nou that the kintra's tradeetional howkin an hivy industries hae gane or is dwynin, Wales' economy depends on the public sector , licht an service industries an tourism . Wales' 2010 gross vailyie addit (GVA) wis ￡45.5 billion (￡15,145 per heid, 74.0% o the average for the UK, an the lawest GVA per heid in Breetain).

Awtho Wales closely skares its poleetical an social history wi the rest o Great Breetain, an the vast majority o the population speaks Inglis , the kintra haes reteened a distinct cultural identity an is offeecially bilingual . Ower 560,000 Welsh leid speakers leeve in Wales, an the leid is spoken bi a majority o the population in pairts o the north an wast. Frae the late 19t century onwart, Wales acquired its popular eemage as the "laund o sang", in pairt due tae the eisteddfod tradeetion. At mony internaitional sportin events, sic as the FIFA Warld Cup , Rugby Warld Cup an the Commonweel Gemmes , Wales haes its awn naitional teams, tho at the Olympic Gemmes , Welsh athletes compete as pairt o a Great Breetain team . Rugby union is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional awaurness.

Etymology [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

The wirds "Wales" an "Welsh" derive frae the same Germanic ruit (singular Walh , plural Walha ), that wis itsel derived frae the name o the Celtic tribe kent tae the Romans as Volcae an that cam tae refer haund ower heid tae aw Celts. The modren Welsh name for thairsels is Cymry , an Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales. Thir words (baith o which are pronoonced [?k?m.r?] ) are descendit frae the Brythonic wird combrogi , meanin "fellae-kintramen". [8] The uise o the wird Cymry as a sel-designation derives frae the location in the post-Roman Era (efter the arrival o the Anglo-Saxons) o the Welsh (Brythonic-speakin) fowk in modren Wales as well as in northren Ingland an soothren Scotland (" Yr Hen Ogledd ") (Scots: The Auld North ). It emphasised that the Welsh in modren Wales an in the Hen Ogledd war ane fowk, different frae ither fowks. [9]

History [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Auncient an Roman eras [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

A law grassy mound wi an entrance at its centre framed bi cyclopean stones
Bryn Celli Ddu , a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey

Accordin tae paleontologists, Wales haes been indwellt bi modren humans for at least 29,000 year. [10] Conteenuous human habitation dates frae the end o the last ice age , atween 12,000 an 10,000  years afore present (BP) , whan Mesolithic hunter-gatherers frae central Europe begoud tae migrate tae Great Breetain. Neolithic colonists integratit wi the indigenous fowk, gradually cheengin thair lifestyles frae a nomadic life o huntin an gaitherin, tae acome settled fermers aboot 6,000 BP ? the Neolithic Revolution . [11] [12] Thay cleared the forests tae establish pastur an tae cultivate the laund, developit new technologies sic as ceramics an textile production, an biggit cromlechs sic as Pentre Ifan , Bryn Celli Ddu an Parc Cwm long cairn atween aboot 5,800 BP an 5,500 BP. [13] [14] [15] [16] In common wi fowk leevin aw ower Great Breetain, ower the follaein centuries the fowk leevin in whit wis tae acome kent as Wales assimilatit immigrants an excheenged ideas o the Bronze Age an Airn Age Celtic culturs. Bi the time o the Roman invasion o Britain the aurie o modren Wales haed been dividit amang the tribes o the Deceangli , Ordovices , Cornovii , Demetae an Silures for centuries. [11]

The Roman conquest o Wales begoud in AD 48 an teuk 30 year tae complete. Roman rule lastit ower 300 year. The campaigns o conquest are the maist widely kent featur o Wales during the Roman era , acause o the speeritit, but hinderly unsuccessfu, defence o thair hamelands bi twa native tribes: the Silures an the Ordovices . Roman rule in Wales wis a militar occupation, sauf for the soothren coastal region o sooth Wales , east o the Gower Peninsula , whaur thare is a legacy o Romanisation. [17] Awtho Laitin acame the offeecial leid o Wales, the fowk tendit tae conteena tae speak in Brythonic . Forder Roman influence cam throu the spreid o Christianity , that gained mony follaers whan Christians war allaed tae worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4t century, as a result o Constantine I issuin an edict o toleration in 313. [18]

Early historians, includin the 6t century cleric Gildas , hae notit 383 as a signeeficant pynt in Welsh history, [19] as it is statit in leeteratur as the foondation pynt o several medieval ryal dynasties. In that year the Roman general Magnus Maximus , or Macsen Wledig, strippit aw o wastren an northren Breetain o truips an senior admeenistrators, tae faw tae a sonsie bid for imperial pouer; conteenuin tae rule Breetain frae Gaul as emperor. [20] [21] Gildas, writin in aboot 540, says that Maximus depairtit Britain, takkin wi him aw o its Roman truips, airmed baunds, govrenors an the flouer o its youth, niver tae return. Haein left wi the truips an Roman admeenistrators, an plannin tae conteena as the ruler o Breetain in the futur, his practical coorse wis tae transfer local authority tae local rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies gie Maximus the role o foondin faither for several ryal dynasties, includin thae o Powys an Gwent . [22] [23] It wis this transfer o pouer that haes gien rise tae the belief that he wis the faither o the Welsh Naition. [19] He is gien as the auncestor o a Welsh king on the Pillar o Eliseg , erectit near 500 year efter he left Breetain, an he feegurs in leets o the Fifteen Tribes o Wales . [24]

Post-Roman era [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

The 400-year period follaein the collapse o Roman rule is the maist difficult tae interpret in the history o Wales. [18] Efter the Roman depairtur frae Breetain in AD 410, muckle o the lawlands o Breetain tae the east an sooth-east wis owerrun bi various Germanic fowks . Afore extensive studies o the distribution o R1b Y-DNA subclades , some previously mainteened that native Britons war displaced bi the invaders. [25] This idea haes been discairdit in the face o evidence that muckle o the population haes, at the latest, Hallstatt era oreegins, but probably late Neolithic , or at earliest Mesolithic oreegins wi little contreibution frae Anglo-Saxon soorce auries. [26] Houiver, bi AD 500, the laund that wad acome Wales haed dividit intae a nummer o kinricks free frae Anglo-Saxon rule. [18] The kinricks o Gwynedd , Powys , Dyfed an Seisyllwg , Morgannwg an Gwent emerged as independent Welsh successor states . [18] In this period, thare wis conflict atween thir states. In 853, the Vikings raidit Anglesey, but in 856, Rhodri Mawr defeatit an killed thair leader, Gorm. [27]

Medieval era [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Dolwyddelan Castle ? biggit bi Llywelyn ab Iorwerth in the early 13t century tae watch ower ane o the valley routes intae Gwynedd

Frae 800 onwart, a series o dynastic mairiages led tae Rhodri Mawr 's (r. 844?77) inheritance o Gwynedd an Powys . His sons in turn wad foond three principal dynasties ( Aberffraw for Gwynedd, Dinefwr for Deheubarth an Mathrafal for Powys). Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda (r. 900?50) foondit Deheubarth oot o his maternal an paternal inheritances o Dyfed an Seisyllwg in 930, oustit the Aberffraw dynasty frae Gwynedd an Powys an then codified Welsh law in the 940s. [28] Maredudd ab Owain (r. 986?99) o Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) wad, (again) temporarily oust the Aberffraw line frae control o Gwynedd an Powys. Maredudd's great-grandson (throu his dauchter Princess Angharad ) Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 1039?63) wad conquer his cousins' realms frae his base in Powys, an even extend his authority intae Ingland. Owain Gwynedd (1100?70) o the Aberffraw line wis the first Welsh ruler tae uise the teetle princeps Wallensium (prince o the Welsh), a teetle o substance gien his veectory on the Berwyn Moontains , accordin tae John Davies. [29]

Owain Gwynedd's grandson Llywelyn Fawr (the Great, 1173?1240), wrestit concessions throu the Magna Carta in 1215 an receivin the fealty o ither Welsh lairds in 1216 at the cooncil at Aberdyfi , acame the first Prince o Wales . [30] His grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd an aa secured the recogneetion o the title Prince o Wales frae Henry III wi the Treaty o Montgomery in 1267. [31] Later houiver, a succession o disputes, includin the impreesonment o Llywelyn's wife Eleanor , dauchter o Simon de Montfort , culminatit in the first invasion bi Keeng Edward I o Ingland . [32] As a result o militar defeat, the Treaty o Aberconwy exactit Llywelyn's fealty tae Ingland in 1277. [32] Peace wis short leeved an, wi the 1282 Edwardian conquest , the rule o the Welsh princes permanently endit. Wi Llywelyn's daith an his brither prince Dafydd 's execution, the few remeenin Welsh lairds did homage for thair launds tae Edward I . Llywelyn's heid wis cairied throu Lunnon on a spear; his baby dauchter Gwenllian wis locked in the priory at Sempringham , whaur she remeened till her daith 54 years later. [33]

Tae help mainteen his dominance, Edward constructit a series o great stane castles: Beaumaris , Caernarfon an Conwy . His son, the futur Keeng Edward II o Ingland , wis born at Edward's new castle at Caernarfon in 1284. [34] He acame the first Inglis Prince o Wales , nae as an infant, but in 1301. Efter the failed revolt in 1294?95 o Madog ap Llywelyn ? wha styled himsel Prince o Wales in the Penmachno Document ? an the risin o Llywelyn Bren (1316), the next major uprisin wis that led bi Owain Glynd?r , against Henry IV o Ingland . In 1404, Owain wis reputitly crouned Prince o Wales in the presence o emissaries frae Fraunce, Spain an Scotland. [35] Glynd?r went on tae haud pairlamentar assemblies at several Welsh touns, includin Machynlleth . But the rebellion failed, an Owain went intae hidin in 1412; peace wis essentially restored in Wales bi 1415. Awtho the Statute o Rhuddlan in 1284 providit the constitutional basis for post-conquest government o the Principality o north Wales frae 1284 till 1536, thare wis na formal Union till 1536. [36] Shortly efterwarts Welsh law, that haed conteena'd tae be uised in Wales efter the Norman conquest, wis fully replaced bi Inglis law, unner whit wad acome kent as the Act o Union . [37]

Earlie Modren Wales [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Prior tae the Breetish Industrial Revolution , that saw a rapid economic expansion atween 1750 an 1850, thare war signs o smaw-scale industries scaitert ootthrou Wales. [38] Thir ranged frae industries connectit tae agricultur, sic as millin an the manufacture o ooen textiles , throu tae minin an quarrelin. [38] Till the Industrial Revolution, Wales haed ayeweys been reliant on its agricultural ootput for its walth an employment an the earliest industrial businesses war smaw scale an localised in manner. [38] In the late 18t century, slate quarrelin begoud tae expand rapidly, maist notably in north Wales. The Penrhyn Quarry , appent in 1770 bi Richard Pennant , wis employin 15,000 men bi the late 19t century, [39] an alang wi Dinorwic Quarry , it dominatit the Welsh slate tred. As the sooth Wales coalfield wis exploitit, mainly in the upland valleys aroond Aberdare an later the Rhondda , the ports o Swansea, Cairdiff an later Penarth, growed intae warld exporters ofcoal an, wi them, cam a population buim.

Historian Kenneth Morgan descrived Wales on the even o the First Warld War as a "relatively placid, sel-confident an successfu naition". Ootput frae the coalfields continued tae increase, wi the Rhondda Valley recordin a peak o 9.6 million tons o coal extractit in 1913. [40] The ootbreak o the First Warld War (1914?1918) saw Wales send 272,924 Welshmen in the war, representin 21.5% o the male population. The twa maist notable battles o the War tae include Welsh forces war thae at Mametz Wood on the Somme an the Battle o Passchendaele . [41]

Late Modren Wales [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

The first quarter o the 20t century an aa saw a shift in the poleetical laundscape o Wales. Syne 1865, the Leeberal Pairty haed held a pairlamentar majority in Wales an, follaein the general election o 1906 , anerly ane non-Leeberal Member o Pairlament, Keir Hardie o Merthyr Tydfil , representit a Welsh constituency at Wastmeenster. [42] Yet bi 1906, industrial dissension an poleetical militancy haed began tae unnermine Leeberal consensus in the soothren coalfields. [42] In 1916, David Lloyd George acame the first Welshman tae acome Prime Meenister o Breetain whan he wis made heid o the 1916 coaleetion govrenment . [43] In December 1918, Lloyd George wis re-electit at the heid o a Conservative-dominated coaleetion govrenment, an his puir haundlin o the 1919 coalminers' strike wis a key factor in destroyin support for the Leeberal pairty in sooth Wales. [44] The industrial wirkers o Wales begoud shiftin taewart a new poleetical organisation, established bi Hardie an ithers tae ensur an electit representation for the wirkin cless, that is nou cried the Labour Pairty. [45] Whan in 1908 the Miners' Federation o Great Breetain acame affiliatit tae the Labour Pairty, the fower Labour candidates sponsored bi miners war aw electit as MPs. [45] Bi 1922, hauf o the Welsh seats at Wastmeenster war held bi Labour politeecians?the stairt o a Labour hegemony that wad dominate Wales intae the 21st century. [45]

Efter economic growthe in the first twa decades o the 20t century, Wales' staple industries endured a prolanged slump frae the early 1920s tae the late 1930s, leadin tae widespread unemployment an poverty in the sooth Wales valleys. [46] For the first time in centuries, the population o Wales went intae decline. The Seicont Warld War (1939?1945) saw Welsh servicemen an weemen fecht in aw the major theatres o war, wi some 15,000 o them killed. [47] Bombin raids brocht major loss o life as the German Air Force tairgetit the docks at Swansea , Cairdiff an Pembroke . [47]

The 20t century saw a revival in Welsh naitional feelin. Plaid Cymru wis formed in 1925, seekin greater autonomy or unthirldom frae the rest o the UK. [48] The term " Ingland an Wales " acame common for descrivin the aurie tae that Inglis law applee'd, an in 1955 Cairdiff wis proclaimed as caipital ceety o Wales. Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg ( The Welsh Leid Society ) wis formed in 1962, in response tae lang-held fears that the leid micht suin dee oot. [49] Efter watter projects caused tensions, naitionalist feelins growed. At a bi-election in 1966, Gwynfor Evans wan the pairlamentar seat o Carmarthen , Plaid Cymru's first Pairlamentar seat. [50]

In the first referendum , in 1979, the Welsh electorate votit on the creaution o an assembly for Wales, but thare wis a lairge majority for the "na" vote. [51] Houiver in 1997 a referendum on the same issue siccared a "ay", awtho bi a verra narrae majority. [51] The Naitional Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) wis set up in 1999 (unner the Govrenment o Wales Act 1998 ) an haes the pouer tae determine hou the central govrenment budget for Wales is spent an admeenistert, awtho the UK pairlament reserves the richt tae set leemits on the pouers o the Welsh Assembly.

Govrenment an politics [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Wales is a kintra that is pairt o the Unitit Kinrick. [7] [52] Constitutionally, the UK is a de jure unitar state , its pairlament an govrenment in Wastmeenster . In the Hoose o Commons ? the lawer hoose o the UK govrenment ? Wales is representit bi 40 MPs (oot o 650) frae Welsh constituencies . Labour MPs haud 25 o the 40 seats, the Conservatives eleiven, Plaid Cymru three an the Leeberal Democrats haud ane seat.

Referendums held in Wales an Scotland in 1997 chuise tae establish a form o sel-govrenment in baith kintras. In Wales, the consequent process o devolution begoud wi the Govrenment o Wales Act 1998 , that creatit the Naitional Assembly for Wales ( Welsh : Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ). [53] Labour remained the lairgest Assembly pairty follaein the 2007 election , winnin 26 o the 60 seats. [54] Haein insufficient support tae form a govrenment, the Labour Pairty entered intae the ' Ane Wales ' agreement wi Plaid Cymru, formin a coaleetion , wi the Labour leader as First Meenister. [55] Carwyn Jones haes been First Meenister an leader o Welsh Labour syne Rhodri Morgan retired frae office in December 2009, efter nine year an ten month as First Meenister. [56]

The twinty auries o responsibeelity devolved tae the Welsh Govrenment, kent as "subjects", include agricultur, economic development, eddication, heal, hoosin, local govrenment, social services, tourism, transport an the Welsh leid. [57] [58] On its creaution in 1999, the Naitional Assembly for Wales haed na primar legislative pouers. [59]

Wales is an aa a distinct UK electoral region o the European Union representit bi fower Members o the European Pairlament . [60] For the purposes o local govrenment, Wales haes been dividit intae 22 cooncil auries syne 1996. Thir "principal auries" [61] are responsible for the provision o aw local govrenment services, includin eddication, social wark, environment an roads services. [62]

Geografie [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon) , Gwynedd , the heichest moontain in Wales

Wales is a generally moontainous kintra on the wastren side o central soothren Great Breetain . [63] It is aboot 170 mile (270 km) north?sooth an 60 mile (97 km) east?wast. [64] The oft-quotit ' size o Wales ' is aboot 20,779 km 2 (8,023 sq mi). [65] [66] Wales is mairchit bi Ingland tae the east an bi sea in aw ither directions: the Erse Sea tae the north an wast, St George's Channel an the Celtic Sea tae the soothwast an the Bristol Channel tae the sooth. [67] [68] Wales haes aboot 1,680 mile (2,700 km) o coastline (alang the mean heich watter merk), includin the mainland, Anglesey an Holyhead. [69] Ower 50 islands lee aff the Welsh mainland; the lairgest bein Anglesey , in the north-wast.

Muckle o Wales' diverse laundscape is moontainous, pairticularly in the north an central regions. The moontains war shapit during the last ice age, the Devensian glaciation . The heichest moontains in Wales are in Snowdonia ( Eryri ), o that five are ower 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The heichest o thir is Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ), at 1,085 m (3,560 ft). [70] [71]

The Seiven Wunners o Wales is a leet in doggerel verse o seiven geographic an cultural laundmerks in Wales probably componed in the late 18t century unner the influence o tourism frae Ingland. [72] Aw the "wonders" are in north Wales: Snowdon (the heichest moontain), the Gresford bells (the peal o bells in the medieval kirk o All Saints at Gresford), the Llangollen brig (biggit in 1347 ower the River Dee), St Winefride's Well (a pilgrimage steid at Holywell ) in Flintshire , the Wrexham ( Wrecsam ) steeple (16t-century touer o St Giles' Church, Wrexham ), the Overton yew trees (auncient yew trees in the kirkyaird o St. Mary's at Overton-on-Dee) an Pistyll Rhaeadr ? a taw watterfaw, at 240 ft (73 m). [73]

Climate [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Wales
Climate chart ( explanation )
J F M A M J J A S O N D
 
 
159
 
 
7
1
 
 
114
 
 
7
1
 
 
119
 
 
9
2
 
 
86
 
 
11
3
 
 
81
 
 
15
6
 
 
86
 
 
17
9
 
 
78
 
 
19
11
 
 
106
 
 
19
11
 
 
124
 
 
16
9
 
 
153
 
 
13
7
 
 
157
 
 
9
4
 
 
173
 
 
7
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Met Office

Wales lies within the north temperate zone . It haes a cheengeable, maritime climate an is ane o the weetest kintras in Europe. [74] [75] Welsh wather is eften cloody, weet an windy, wi wairm simmers an mild winters. [74] [76]

Rainfaw patterns shaw signeeficant variation. The forder wast, the heicher the expectit rainfaw; up tae 40% mair. [75] At law elevations, rain is unpredictable at ony time o year, awtho the shouers tend tae be shorter in simmer. [77] The uplands o Wales hae maist rain, normally mair nor 50 days o rain during the winter months (December tae Februar), fawin tae aroond 35 rainy days during the simmer months (Juin tae August).

Economy [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Ower the last 250 year, Wales haes been transformed first frae a predominantly agricultural kintra tae an industrial, an nou a post-industrial economy . [78] [79] Syne the Seicont Warld War, the service sector haes come tae accoont for the majority o jobs, a featur teepifyin maist advanced economies. [80] Frae the middle o the 19t century till the post-war era, the minin an export o coal wis a dominant industrie. Accordin tae Professor Phil Williams , the Great Depression "devastatit Wales", north an sooth, acause o its "owerwhelmin dependence on coal an steel". [81]

Acause o puir-quality sile, muckle o Wales is unsuitable for crap-growin an fermstockin fermin haes tradeetionally been the focus o agricultur. The Welsh laundscape (pertectit bi three naitional parks) an 45 Blue Flag saunds , as well as the unique cultur o Wales, attract lairge nummers o tourists, wha play an especially vital role in the economy o rural auries. [82] [83] The poond sterling is the siller uised in Wales.

Demografie [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Year Population o Wales
1536 278,000
1620 360,000
1770 500,000
1801 587,000
1851 1,163,000
1911 2,421,000
1921 2,656,000
1939 2,487,000
1961 2,644,000
1991 2,811,865
2011 3,063,000

Soorce: John Davies (1993). A History of Wales . pp. 258?59, 319. ; Census 2001, 200 Years of the Census in ... Wales (2001)

The population o Wales doobled frae 587,000 in 1801 tae 1,163,000 in 1851 an haed reached 2,421,000 bi 1911. Maist o the increase cam in the coal minin destricts, especially Glamorganshire , which grew frae 71,000 in 1801 tae 232,000 in 1851 an 1,122,000 in 1911. [84] Pairt o this increase can be attributit tae the demografic transeetion seen in maist industrialisin kintras in the Industrial Revolution , as daith rates dropped an birth rates remeened steady. Houever, thare wis an aa lairge-scale migration intae Wales in the Industrial Revolution. The Inglis war the maist numerous group, but thare war an aa conseederable nummers o Erse an smawer nummers o ither ethnic groups, [85] [86] includin Italians , wha migratit tae South Wales. [87] Wales an aa received immigration frae various pairts o the Breetish Commonweel o Naitions in the 20t century, an African-Caribbean an Asian commonties add tae the ethno-cultural mix, pairteecularly in urban Wales. Mony o thir sel-identify as Welsh. [88]

The 2011 census shawed Wales' population tae be 3,063,456, the heichest in its history. [89] In 2011, 27% (837,000) o the tot population o Wales war nae born in Wales, [90] includin 636,000 fowk (21% o the tot population o Wales) wha war born in Ingland. [91] Accordin tae the 2001 census, 96% o the population wis White Breetish , an 2.1% non-white (mainly o Breetish Asian oreegin). [92] Maist non-white groups war concentratit in Cardiff, Newport an Swansea. The tot fertility rate (TFR) in Wales wis 1.90 in 2011, [93] that is ablo the replacement rate o 2.1.

 
Lairgest ceeties or touns in Wales
Office for National Statistics 2011 Census [94]
Rank Cooncil aurie Pop. Rank Cooncil aurie Pop.
Cairdiff
Cairdiff
Swansea
Swansea 		1 Cairdiff Ceety & Coonty o Cairdiff 335,145 11 Caerphilly Caerphilly Coonty Burgh 41,402 Newport
Newport
Wrexham
Wrexham
2 Swansea Ceety & Coonty o Swansea 239,000 12 Port Talbot Neath Port Talbot 37,276
3 Newport Newport Ceety 128,060 13 Pontypridd Rhondda Cynon Taf 30,457
4 Wrexham Wrexham Coonty Burgh 61,603 14 Aberdare Rhondda Cynon Taf 29,748
5 Barry Vale o Glamorgan 54,673 15 Colwyn Bay Conwy Coonty Burgh 29,405
6 Neath Neath Port Talbot 50,658 16 Pontypool Torfaen 28,334
7 Cwmbran Torfaen 46,915 17 Penarth Vale of Glamorgan 27,226
8 Bridgend Bridgend Coonty Burgh 46,757 18 Rhyl Denbighshire 25,149
9 Llanelli Carmarthenshire 43,878 19 Blackwood Caerphilly Coonty Burgh 24,042
10 Merthyr Tydfil Merthyr Tydfil 43,820 20 Maesteg Bridgend Coonty Burgh 18,888

Baith Inglis an Welsh are conseedert offeecial leids o Wales, [95] wi Welsh forder recognised in law as haein "offeecial status". [96] Inglis is spoken bi awmaist aw fowk in Wales an is the main leid in maist o the kintra. The lairgest releegion in Wales is Christianity, wi 57.6% o the population descrivin themsels as Christian in the 2011 census. [97] The seicont lairgest attendin faith in Wales is Roman Catholic , wi an estimatit 43,000 adherents. [98] Islam is the lairgest non-Christian releegion in Wales, wi mair nor 24,000 (0.8%) reportit Muslims in the 2011 census. [97]

Cultur [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Wales haes a distinctive cultur includin its awn leid, customs, halidays an muisic.

Wales haes three UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids : The Castles an Toun wals o Keeng Edward I in Gwynedd ; Pontcysyllte Aqueduct ; an the Blaenavon Industrial Laundscape . [99]

Airts [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

Wales can claim ane o the auldest unbreuken leeterar tradeetions in Europe. [100] The leeterar tradeetion o Wales stretches back tae the saxt century an includes Geoffrey o Monmouth an Gerald o Wales , regairdit bi historian John Davies as amang the finest Laitin authors o the Middle Ages. [100] In 1588 William Morgan acame the first person tae translate the Bible intae Welsh , frae Greek an Ebreu. [101] 1885 saw the publication o Rhys Lewis bi Daniel Owen , creeditit as the first novelle written in the Welsh leid.

Mony warks o Celtic airt hae been foond in Wales. [102] Maist Welsh pented left Wales tae dae thair wirk.

Wales is eften referred tae as "the laund o sang", [103] an is notable for its hairpists, male choirs, an solo airtists. Tradeetional instruments o Wales include telyn deires ( triple hairp ), fiddle, crwth , pibgorn (hornpipe) an ither instruments. [104] [105] [106] [107]

Seembols [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

The Banner o Wales incorporates the reid draigon ( Y Ddraig Goch ) o Prince Cadwalader alang wi the Tudor colours o green an white. [108] It wis uised bi Henry VII at the Battle o Bosworth in 1485 efter that it wis cairied in state tae St. Paul's Cathedral . [108] The reid draigon wis then includit in the Tudor ryal airms tae signifee thair Welsh strynd. It wis offeecially recognised as the Welsh naitional banner in 1959. [109]

The daffodil an the leek are an aa seembols o Wales. The Prince o Wales' heraldic badge is an aa whiles uised tae seembolise Wales. The badge, kent as the Prince o Wales's feathers , conseests o three white feathers emerging frae a gowd coronet. " Hen Wlad fy Nhadau " (Scots: Laund o My Faithers ) is the Naitional Anthem o Wales, an is played at events sic as fitbaa or rugby matches involvin the Wales naitional team as weel as the openin o the Welsh Assembly an ither offeecial occasions. [110] [111] In sport, rugby union is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional consciousness.

References [ eedit | eedit soorce ]

  1. ↑ "Cymru am byth! The meaning behind the Welsh motto" . WalesOnline . 6 Februar 2015 . Retrieved 22 Mairch 2016 .
  2. ↑ Davies (1994) p. 100
  3. ↑ "Statute of Rhuddlan" . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 Julie 2014 .
  4. ↑ "Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)" . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 Julie 2014 .
  5. ↑ "Government of Wales Act 1998" . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 Julie 2014 .
  6. ↑ http://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2015
  7. ↑ a b "The Countries of the UK" . statistics.gov.uk . Retrieved 10 October 2008 .
  8. ↑ Davies (1994) p. 69
  9. ↑ Lloyd, John Edward (1911). "A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry")" . I (Second ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1912): 191?192. Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
  10. ↑ "Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!" . archaeology.co.uk website . Current Archaeology. 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 .  : see Reid Lady o Paviland
  11. ↑ a b Davies (1994) pp. 4?6
  12. ↑ "GGAT 72 Overviews" (PDF) . A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA . Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. 2003. p. 47 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 .
  13. ↑ "Stones of Wales ? Pentre Ifan Dolmen" . Stone Pages website . Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi. 2003 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 .
  14. ↑ "Stones of Wales ? Bryn Celli Ddu Burial chamber" . Stone Pages website . Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi. 2003 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 .
  15. ↑ "Parc le Breos Burial Chamber; Parc CWM Long Cairn" . The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website . Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2006. Archived frae the original on 6 Apryle 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 .
  16. ↑ "Themes Prehistoric Wales: The Stone Age" . BBC Cymru Wales website . BBC Cymru Wales . 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2008 .
  17. ↑ Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990). "The Development of the Provinces". An Atlas of Roman Britain . Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007). p.  151 . ISBN   978-1-84217-067-0 .
  18. ↑ a b c d Davies (2008) p.915
  19. ↑ a b Davies (2008) p.531
  20. ↑ Frere, Sheppard Sunderland (1987). "The End of Roman Britain". Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, revised ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p.  354 . ISBN   0-7102-1215-1 .
  21. ↑ Giles, John Allen , ed. (1841). "The Works of Gildas, The History, Ch. 14" . The Works of Gildas and Nennius . London: James Bohn. p. 13.
  22. ↑ Phillimore, Egerton, ed. (1887). "Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20" . Y Cymmrodor . VIII . Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion . pp. 83?92.
  23. ↑ Phillimore, Egerton (1888). "The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859" . In Phillimore, Egerton (ed.). Y Cymmrodor . IX . Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion . pp. 141?183.
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  26. ↑ Myres, Natalie; Rootsi, Siiri; Lin, Alice A; Jarve, Mari; King, Roy J; Kutuev, Ildus; Cabrera, Vicente M; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovska, Elena; Rudan, Pavao; Baldovic, Marian; Herrera, Rene J; Chiaroni, Jacques; Di Cristofaro, Julie; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A (2010). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene effect in Central and Western Europe ? see discussion results at end of article, the distribution maps and the supplementary tables" . European Journal of Human Genetics . 19 (1): 95?101. doi : 10.1038/ejhg.2010.146 . PMC   3039512 . PMID   20736979 .
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Bibliografie [ eedit | eedit soorce ]


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