????? ??? ?????

????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ^[?] /o??s?ːm? b?n ?l?ːd?n/ (Arabic: ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????, Us?mah bin Mu?ammad bin ?Awa? bin L?din ; ???? ??,????????,????, ^[?] ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? "????????" ????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ^[?]
?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ,??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ^[?] ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ^[?] ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ???? ????????,????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ^[?] In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda. ^[?] ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ^[?] ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? (Federal Bureau of Investigation) ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????????
???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? , ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? $25 ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? . ^[?] ? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????,??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??

?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ^[??] ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ^[??] ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? 2??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????????? ? ^[??]^[??]^[??]

?????? ????? [ ?????? | ?????? ?????? ]

????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? , ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ^[??] ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??-???? (??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????) ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???.??.???. ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ^[??]

????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ??-?????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??-???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ^[??]

????????? [ ?????? | ?????? ?????? ]

↑ ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ; ???? ????? ?????? ?? .
↑ "FBI ? USAMA BIN LADEN" . September 25, 2012. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012.
↑ ?????, ?????? (February 7, 2008). "Yemen still close to al Qaeda's heart" . ????? ?????? ??????? . Archived from the original on July 2, 2016 . Retrieved May 6, 2011 .
↑ Strozier, Charles B.; Offer, Daniel; Abdyli, Oliger (May 24, 2011). The Leader: Psychological Essays . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-8387-9 .
↑ Scheuer, Michael (February 17, 2011). Osama Bin Laden . Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973866-3 .
↑ Robert Fisk (2005). The Great War For Civilisation , p. 4.
↑ http://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-02.htm
↑ Robert Fisk (2005). The Great War For Civilisation , p. 22.
↑ "Fbi ? Usama Bin Laden" . Fbi.gov. August 7, 1998. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )
↑ "World leaders React to News of Bin Laden's Death" . CNN. May 3, 2011 . Retrieved May 2, 2011 .
↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/anti-soviet-warrior-puts-his-army-on-the-road-to-peace-the-saudi-businessman-who-recruited-mujahedin-1465715.html
↑ "Death of Osama bin Ladin" . Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs. May 1, 2011. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011 . Retrieved January 9, 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( help )
↑ Baker, Peter; Cooper, Helene; Mazzetti, Mark (May 1, 2011). "Bin Laden Dead, US Officials Say" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. {{ cite news }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )
↑ Maqbool, Aleem (May 1, 2011). "Osama Bin Laden, al Qaeda leader, dead ? Barack Obama" . BBC News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015 . Retrieved January 12, 2015 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060210192537/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/etc/cron.html
↑ https://vault.fbi.gov/osama-bin-laden/Osama%20Bin%20Laden%20Part%2001%20of%2003/view
↑ https://www.economist.com/obituary/2011/05/05/osama-bin-laden

[1] ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ; ???? ????? ?????? ?? .

[2] "FBI ? USAMA BIN LADEN" . September 25, 2012. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012.

[3] ?????, ?????? (February 7, 2008). "Yemen still close to al Qaeda's heart" . ????? ?????? ??????? . Archived from the original on July 2, 2016 . Retrieved May 6, 2011 .

[strozier-4] Strozier, Charles B.; Offer, Daniel; Abdyli, Oliger (May 24, 2011). The Leader: Psychological Essays . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-8387-9 .

[scheuer-5] Scheuer, Michael (February 17, 2011). Osama Bin Laden . Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973866-3 .

[fisk1-6] Robert Fisk (2005). The Great War For Civilisation , p. 4.

[al-Fadl-7] ttp://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-02.htm

[fisk2-8] Robert Fisk (2005). The Great War For Civilisation , p. 22.

[9] "Fbi ? Usama Bin Laden" . Fbi.gov. August 7, 1998. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )

[autogenerated4-10] "World leaders React to News of Bin Laden's Death" . CNN. May 3, 2011 . Retrieved May 2, 2011 .

[11] ttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/anti-soviet-warrior-puts-his-army-on-the-road-to-peace-the-saudi-businessman-who-recruited-mujahedin-1465715.html

[12] "Death of Osama bin Ladin" . Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs. May 1, 2011. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011 . Retrieved January 9, 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( help )

[DeathNYT-13] Baker, Peter; Cooper, Helene; Mazzetti, Mark (May 1, 2011). "Bin Laden Dead, US Officials Say" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. {{ cite news }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )

[bbcdead-14] Maqbool, Aleem (May 1, 2011). "Osama Bin Laden, al Qaeda leader, dead ? Barack Obama" . BBC News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015 . Retrieved January 12, 2015 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )

[15] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20060210192537/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/etc/cron.html

[16] ttps://vault.fbi.gov/osama-bin-laden/Osama%20Bin%20Laden%20Part%2001%20of%2003/view

[17] ttps://www.economist.com/obituary/2011/05/05/osama-bin-laden

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