????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? (Logic, from the Ancient Greek: λογικ?, translit. logik?) ?? ????? ???? ? ^[?] ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????-? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? , ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?

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?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ???-? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ???-? (c. 6th century BCE) ? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????- ????? ?????? (Charles Babbage), ??????? ?? ?????? ( Augustus De Morgan) ?? ????? ???? ( George Boole) ???? ?

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• An Outline for Verbal Logic
• Introductions and tutorials
  • An Introduction to Philosophical Logic Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine ., by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
  • forall x: an introduction to formal logic , by P.D. Magnus , covers sentential and quantified logic.
  • Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine . (originally prepared for on-line logic instruction).
    • Nicholas Rescher . (1964). Introduction to Logic , St. Martin's Press.
• Essays
  • "Symbolic Logic" and "The Game of Logic" , Lewis Carroll , 1896.
  • Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic and methodological ideas. In The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.
• Online Tools
  • Interactive Syllogistic Machine A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies, figures, terms, and modes of syllogisms.
• Reference material
  • Translation Tips Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine ., by Peter Suber, for translating from English into logical notation.
  • Ontology and History of Logic. An Introduction with an annotated bibliography.
• Reading lists
  • The London Philosophy Study Guide Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine . offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:
    • Logic & Metaphysics Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine .
    • Set Theory and Further Logic Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine .
    • Mathematical Logic Archived ????-??-?? at the Wayback Machine .

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• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic

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