Limba hitit?
(in hitit?: ??????
ne?ili
) este o limb? moart?,
indo-european?
, ramura
anatolian?
, care a fost vorbit? de
hiti?i
. Este de fapt cea mai recent? limb? indo-european? descoperit? (in
1916
, a fost descifrat? de lingvistul ceh
Bed?ich Hrozny
). Acesta a incradrat limba hitit? in grupul lingvistic
centum
. Este considerat?, de asemenea, cea mai veche limb? indo-european?
[1]
.
A fost foarte r?spandit? in
Asia Mic?
, avand rol de limb? nobil?.
S-au p?strat multe t?bli?e datand din sec. 19-14 i.e.n., descoperite la
Bo?az Koy
, in
Turcia
. Textele reprezint? cea mai veche atestare a unei limbi indo-europene.
Fazele prin care a trecut limba hitit? sunt: hitita veche, hitita mijlocie ?i neo-hitita
[2]
. Verbele in limba hitit? sunt flexionare in leg?tur? cu dou? clase: conjugarea ,,mi” ?i conjugarea ,,hi”. Exist? dou?
diateze
( activ? ?i mediopasiv?), dou? modurui( indicativ ?i pasiv) ?i dou? timpuri( prezent ?i preterit)
[3]
. Exist? ?i cateva nume verbale, numite infinitiv 1 ?i 2, supin ?i substantiv verbal, la fel ca ?i participiul, de sens pasiv cu sensul de verb tranzitiv ?i activ cu sens pentru verbele intranzitive
[4]
.
Hitita este cunsocut? ca avand un sistem verbal mai simplu decat alte limbi indo-europene, precum
sanscrita
sau greaca antic?
[5]
.
Verbul avea urm?toarele sufixe:
-,,-ahh-” care inseamn? ,,ceea ce inseamn? cuvantul de baz?” sau ,,a duce la aceea?i structur?”. Exemple de astfel de verbe sunt: ,,sarazziyahh-”=,,a pune in partea de sus”( ,,sarazzi”=,,sus”)
[6]
-,,-ann?i-”, exprim? o persisten??, de exemplu ,,iya-”= ,,a merge”; ,,iyann?i-”=,,a mar?a continuu”
-,,-sk-”
-,,-es-”
-,,-nu-”
-,,-nin-”
Inflexiunea
:
Diateza activ?- la indicativ prezent
-Conjugarea mi:
-singular 1: -mi
-singular 2: -si
-singular 3: -zi
-plural 1: -weni
-plural 2: -teni
-plural 2: -anzi
-Conjugarea hi:
-singular 1: -hi (-ahhi)
-singular 2: -ti
-singular 3: -i
-plural 1: -weni
-plural 2: -teni
-plural 3: -anzi
[4]
Diateza mediopasiv?-la indicativ prezent:
-Conjugarea mi:
-singular 1: -hahari(hari, ha)
-singular 2: -tati(ta)
-singular 3: -tati(ta)
-plural 1: -wastati(-wasta)
-plural 2: -duma(-dumari)
-plural 3: -antari(-anta)
-Conjugarea hi are la diateza mediopasiv? acelea?i forme ca ?i conjugarea mi, atat la singular, cat ?i la plural
Diateza activ?- la indicativ preterit:
-Conjugarea mi:
-singular 1: -un (-nun)
-singular 2: -s(-t, -ta)
-singular 3: -t(-ta)
-plural 1: -wen
-plural 2: -ten(-tin)
-plural 3: -er(-ir)
-Conjugarea hi:
-singular 1: -hun
-singular 2: -s(-ta,-sta)
-singular 3: -s(-ta,-sta)
-plural 1: -wen
-plural 2: -ten(-tin)
-plural 3: -er(-ir)
Diateza mediopasiv?-la indicativ preterit:
-conjugarea mi
-singular 1: -hahat(i) (-hat(i))
-singular 2: -tat(i) (-ta)
-singular 3: -tari (-ta)
-plural 1: -wastat
-plural 2: -dumat
-plural 3: -antat(i)
-Conjugarea hi:
-singular 1: -hahari (-hari)
-singular 2: -tati (-ta)
-singular 3: -ari (-a)
-plural 1: -wastati (-wasta)
-plural 2: -duma
-plural 3: -antari (-anta)
Diateza activ?- la imperativ:
-conjugarea mi:
-singular 1: -(a)llu
-singular 2: -(-i, -t)
-singular 3: -du
-plural 1: -weni
-plural 2: -en (-tin)
-plural 3: -andu
-conjugarea hi:
-singular 1: -allu
-singular 2: -(-i)
-singular 3: -u
-plural 1: -weni
-plural 2: -ten (-tin)
-plural 3: -andu
Diateza mediopasiv?- la imperativ:
-conjugarea mi:
-singular 1: -haharu (-haru)
-singular 2: -hut(i)
-singular 3: -taru
-plural 1: -
-plural 2: -dumat(i)
-plural 3: -antaru
-conjugarea hi:
-singular 1: -haharu (-haru)
-singular 2: -hut(i)
-singular 3: -aru
-plural 1: -
-plural 2: -dumat(i)
-plural 3: -antaru
Substantiv verbal:
-war
Infinitiv:
I: -wanzi
II: -anna
Supin:
-wan
Participiu:
-ant
Originile conjug?rii mi merg c?tre termina?iile active ale
limbii proto-indo-europene
*-mi, *-si, *-ti
[7]
.Despre conjugarea hi, Jay H. Jasanof este de p?rere c? deriv? din sistemul proto-indo-european al verbelor cu ,,i-” la prezent ?i cu *?/e la apofonie.
Limba hitit? are cinci vocale scurte: a,e,i,u ?i u
[8]
, iar hitita veche avea trei foneme vocale lungi
[9]
.
ab-cas?
aka-a ridica
aku- a bea
alp?--nor
annanu-a inv??a
ant-cald
appa-dup?, inapoi, din nou
appezziyan-dup?
ars-a curge
asawar-incint?
arsaniya-a invidia
ard?la-
zical?
,
proverb
arr?sa p?war-a merge
asessar-popula?ie,cult
aska-: cas?
atta-: tat?
attalla-patern
au- a vedea
assuw?tar-bun?tate
astayar?tar-p?cat
azzikk-: a manca din nou
ba-latar
ba-acesta
be-complet
bi-a intreba
bu-acesta
bur-flux, debit
d?-a lua
daganzipa- p?mant
d?liya-a tr?i
E-probabil ,,zeu”
ehu-aici
eku-a bea
es-trei
essar=eshar-,,sange”
esri-a se uita
ediz-acest
ga,gam-escroc
Gal-cheie
Gam-cucerire
Gar-a face
Gi-a citi
gimmant-:iarn?
Go,gon-sceptru
Gu-cuvant, a vorbi
Gug-lupt?
hahhal-: probabil tufi?
[10]
h?liya- a ingenunchea
hanna- bunic?
hanna-a judeca
hand-onest
haluga?mesaj
handandatar-miracol
happar-comer?
pittalwa- : simplu
sahhan- :tribut
s?i-: a merge
sak-: a ?ti
samen-: a abandona
sanezzi-:bun
s?nt- :furios
KU?sarpassi-:pern?
sasta-:pat
si- : acesta
happiriya-ora?
par? handanda- a face miracole
I-unu
Iak-?i
Iede-lun?
Is-aici
ish?-:maestru
UDUiyant-oaie
irma- :bolnav
isheni-:p?r
ispant-:noapte
iwaruwa?mo?tenitor
Ka- a citi
Kas-doi
Kazin-iepure
Khar-a scrie
La-t?bl?i?
lak?a inclina
l?man?nume
lelaniya- :a se gr?bi
link-:a jura
markiya-:dispre?
mahhan-cand
mayandatar-b?rb??ie
malk- : a se roti
m?n :dac?
mekk(i)-:mare
milit(t)-:miere
marsah-a putrezi
mem?i-:a vorbi
mene-: fa??
m?ti- :ro?u
muwa-: imprumutat din akkadianul mut(t)allu-eroic
melt-:a rosti
nann?- : a conduce
nanakussiyant- : intunecat
nega-: sor?
newah- :a reinnoi
nuntara- : rapid
n?w?n-:niciodat?
pahs-a proteja
papres- : a deveni impur
par?i-:a sufla
parh-: a persecuta
pargatar: in?l?ime
parku- : inalt
parnant- :cas?
paskuw?i-: a ignora
sahhan-:tribut
sakl?i-:regul?
sakunni-:bine
s?nt- : furios
LUsapasalli- : spion
suwant- : complet
t?ya- a jefui
taksan : impreun?
takku : dac?
tamas-: a ap?sa
tarkuwa- :a fi furios
taru-: p?dure, lemn
tuzziyant-: armat?
uesk-: a implora
ur-: r?zboi
uwa-: a veni
uwatar -vizit?
uzuhri- :iarb?
walhann?i- :a lovi
warra- : a ajuta
was- : a cump?ra
weh-: a muta
wes- :noi
wesi- : p??une
wid?r : ap?
zahh?i-b?t?lie
zanu-:a g?ti
zenna-: a termina
zinna- : a finaliza
GI?zuppari- : tor??
- Limbile lumii- mic? enciclopedie
, Ed. ?tiin?ific? ?i enciclopedic?, Bucure?ti, 1981
- Hittite Etymological Dictionary
, Vol. 6, Words beginning with M”, Jaan Puhvel
- The Hittites and Their Language
, C.R. Conder
- Hittite Etymological Dictionary
Words beginning with H, Jaan Puhvel
- A grammar of modern Indo-European
, Carlos Quiles
- Old Hittite sentence structure
, Silvia Luraghi
- Hittite and the Indo-European verb
,Jay H. Jasanoff