???????? ?????????

???????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? (???????: Information technology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

?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ?? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? "??????? ????? ?????" ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ????????? "?????? ?? ?????" ?? "????? ??? ?????" ???? ?? "??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???. ??? ?? ?? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???." ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??: ? ????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ^[?]^[?]

?? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??-????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??. ^[?]

? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??: ?? ??????? ?????? ???? (?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????)? ???????? ???? (?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????)? ?????? ??????? ???? (????-????)? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? (?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????). ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? (????????? ?? ????????) ????? ???. ^[?]

???????? ????????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (K-12) ?? ??????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???. ^[?]

? ???????? ????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????? (MIT) ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???. ^[?]

??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ? ??? ? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??. ? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[?]

???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ??. ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????. ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?. ^[??]^[??]

????? [ ???? ]

????????? [ ???? ]

??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ???????? ???????? (? "??????" ?? "?????? ??????" ?? ??? ??????) ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? (??????? ?? ????) ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ? ?????? ? ????? ?? ? ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ? ?????? (?????) ??? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? (?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???) ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ???????. ? ????????? ??? ?? ??: ? ??? ?? ???? ? user_name@domain_name ??? ??? (? ????? ?? ???? somebody@example.com) ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? (?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????)? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?????.

? ????????? ???????: ? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? (??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????)? ? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? (?? ?? ???? ????)? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? (? ???????? ????? ????).

? ???? ?? ???? ????? [ ???? ]

?? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???????. ? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ? ????? (????-???) ????????? ???. ? ???? ? ????? ? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??. ? ???? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? FTP ?? ? ???? ? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? Usenet ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? (? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????).

? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??:

???? ? ????? ?????
???? ? ? ?????
???? ? ?.?? ????. ^[??]

? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? (Baidu) ????? ??? ? ??????? ? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? (Yandex) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??. ^[??]

?????? [ ???? ]

↑ Daintith, John, ?????? (2009), "IT", A Dictionary of Physics , Oxford University Press, ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780199233991 , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) ?????:Subscription required .
↑ "Free on-line dictionary of computing (FOLDOC)" . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? . ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems , University of Arizona, ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .
↑ Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958), "Management in the 1980s" , Harvard Business Review , 11 ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .
↑ Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (2011-02-10), "Information technology", A Dictionary of Media and Communication (??? first), Oxford University Press, ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0199568758 , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? , Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and telephone. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .
↑ Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems , University of Arizona, ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .
↑ Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology . (3rd ed.).
↑ Slotten, Hugh Richard (2014-01-01). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0-19-976666-6 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )
↑ Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology . (3rd ed.). [Online]. New York: Facts On File.
↑ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets", Science , 211 (4479): 283?285, Bibcode : 1981Sci...211..283S , doi : 10.1126/science.211.4479.283 , PMID 17748027 ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .
↑ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee" , Resurrection (20), ISSN 0958-7403 , ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? , ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .
↑ Worldwide desktop market share of leading search engines from January 2010 to September 2021 от октября 2021 на Statista
↑ "Где пользователи предпочитают искать информацию" . rspectr.com . 2021-09-03 . ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[DOP-1] Daintith, John, ?????? (2009), "IT", A Dictionary of Physics , Oxford University Press, ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9780199233991 , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) ?????:Subscription required .

[2] "Free on-line dictionary of computing (FOLDOC)" . ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? . ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[Butler-3] Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems , University of Arizona, ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .

[LeavittWhisler-4] Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958), "Management in the 1980s" , Harvard Business Review , 11 ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .

[DMC-5] Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (2011-02-10), "Information technology", A Dictionary of Media and Communication (??? first), Oxford University Press, ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0199568758 , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? , Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and telephone. ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .

[Butler2-6] Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems , University of Arizona, ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? , ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .

[7] Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology . (3rd ed.).

[8] Slotten, Hugh Richard (2014-01-01). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001 . ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 978-0-19-976666-6 . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[9] Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology . (3rd ed.). [Online]. New York: Facts On File.

[Schmandt-Besserat-10] Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets", Science , 211 (4479): 283?285, Bibcode : 1981Sci...211..283S , doi : 10.1126/science.211.4479.283 , PMID 17748027 ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .

[Enticknap-11] Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee" , Resurrection (20), ISSN 0958-7403 , ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? , ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? ) .

[12] Worldwide desktop market share of leading search engines from January 2010 to September 2021 от октября 2021 на Statista

[автоссылка1-13] "Где пользователи предпочитают искать информацию" . rspectr.com . 2021-09-03 . ??????????? ?? ????? ???? . ?????? |CitationClass= ?? ???? ?????? ??? ( ?????? )

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[??]

[??]

[??]

[??]