?????

????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? (??????) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей и колоний? ??? ????: G lavnoye u pravlyeniye ispravityel'no-trudovih lag yeryey i koloniy ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? "????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?? ???????" ???

"?????: ?? ?????" (Gulag: A History) ?? ????? ???? ??????? (Anne Applebaum) ????? ??? ?? "??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? (Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn) ?? 1973? ?? ???? ???? "?????? ??????? ?????" ( ??????? : The Gulag Archipelago) ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???"????? ?? ?????" ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ^[?]

?????? ?? ?? ?? 476 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ^[?]^[?] ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ^[?]

1929? ??? 1953? ?? ????? ?? ???? 40 ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? 60 ??? 70 ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ^[?] ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? 1934? ??? 1953? ?? ????? 10 ??? 53 ???? 829 ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ^[?]

????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ^[?] ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? "????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ^[?] ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? 5 ??? 10 ???? 307 (1934? ??) ??? 17 ??? 27 ???? 970 (1953? ??) ?? ?????? ??? ^[?]

????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ^[?] ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ^[??] ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? 26 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1921? ??? 1953? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ^[??] 1953? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ^[??]

?? ?? ??? 30 ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???

????? [ ????? ]

↑ Applebaum, Anne (2003) Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1
↑ Lua error in ??????:Citation/CS1/ar at line 3440: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).
↑ Gulag The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
↑ Gulag: a History of the Soviet Camps"?
↑ Robert Conquest Victims of Stalinism: A Comment. Europe-Asia Studies ? Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov.? 1997)
↑ ^?.? ^?.? Getty, Rittersporn, Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct.? 1993)? pp. 1017?1049, see also http://www.etext.org/Politics/Staljin/Staljin/articles/AHR/AHR.html Archived 2008-06-11 at the ?? ??? ???? Politics Stalin, Mario Sousa
↑ Ellman, Michael. Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments Europe-Asia Studies. Vol 54, No. 7, 2002, 1151?1172
↑ Applebaum, Anne (2003) Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1 pg 583
↑ "Repressions"? Publicist.n1.by http://publicist.n1.by/articles/repressions/repressions_gulag2.html
↑ "What Were Their Crimes?"? Gulaghistory.org. http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/crimes.php Archived 2007-11-05 at the ?? ??? ????
↑ "Repressions"? Publicist.n1.by. http://publicist.n1.by/articles/repressions/repressions_organy1.html
↑ Lua error in ??????:Citation/CS1/ar at line 3440: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).

?????? ????? [ ????? ]

?????: ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????
?????: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? Archived 2008-06-23 at the ?? ??? ????
????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? 1936-1937? NYPL ?????? ????? ??? ???????
????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????
????? 113 Archived 2019-02-27 at the ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????(1951-55?)
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? - 1927? ?? 1953? Archived 2009-03-23 at the ?? ??? ????

[1] Applebaum, Anne (2003) Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1

[2] Lua error in ??????:Citation/CS1/ar at line 3440: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).

[3] Gulag The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed.

[4] Gulag: a History of the Soviet Camps"?

[5] Robert Conquest Victims of Stalinism: A Comment. Europe-Asia Studies ? Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov.? 1997)

[etext.org-6] ?.? ^?.? Getty, Rittersporn, Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct.? 1993)? pp. 1017?1049, see also http://www.etext.org/Politics/Staljin/Staljin/articles/AHR/AHR.html Archived 2008-06-11 at the ?? ??? ???? Politics Stalin, Mario Sousa

[7] Ellman, Michael. Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments Europe-Asia Studies. Vol 54, No. 7, 2002, 1151?1172

[8] Applebaum, Anne (2003) Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1 pg 583

[9] "Repressions"? Publicist.n1.by http://publicist.n1.by/articles/repressions/repressions_gulag2.html

[10] "What Were Their Crimes?"? Gulaghistory.org. http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/crimes.php Archived 2007-11-05 at the ?? ??? ????

[11] "Repressions"? Publicist.n1.by. http://publicist.n1.by/articles/repressions/repressions_organy1.html

[12] Lua error in ??????:Citation/CS1/ar at line 3440: attempt to call field 'set_selected_modules' (a nil value).

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[??]

[??]

[??]