?????? ????? ?? ????

?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ( ???? : ???代 , ????? ????? ? ??????? : Warring States Period ) ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? 475 ? ? ??? 221 ? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 221 ? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? - ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? - ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?

?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? - ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ( Jin ) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? 403 ? ? ??? ???? ?? ? ^[?]

??? ??? ?????? ??? [ ????? ]

?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ::

????? ??? ?? ??? ( 秦? , Qin Guo )
???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ( 楚國 , Chu Guo )
????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ( ?國 , Chi Guo )
??? ??? ???? - ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ( 燕國 , Yan Guo )
??? - ???? ??? ??? ??? ( 韓國 , Han Guo )
???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ( 魏國 , Wei Guo )
??? - ??? ??? ??? ??? ( ?國 , Zhao Guo )

???? ?? ????? [ ????? ]

????? [ ????? ]

↑ Readings in classical Chinese philosophy , P. J. Ivanhoe, Bryan William Van Norden, Hackett Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-87220-780-6 , ... Warring States Period (Zhanguo shidai). The period 403?221. It began when the Zhou king officially recognized the partitioning of the state of Jin, which had been carved up by and divided among the members of an alliance of other states ...

[ref53zuduy-1] Readings in classical Chinese philosophy , P. J. Ivanhoe, Bryan William Van Norden, Hackett Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-87220-780-6 , ... Warring States Period (Zhanguo shidai). The period 403?221. It began when the Zhou king officially recognized the partitioning of the state of Jin, which had been carved up by and divided among the members of an alliance of other states ...

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