Ing
fungus
, metung yang
eukaryotic
a
organismung
king kilwal ning katawan na (external) maglaso king kayang
pamangan
. Kaybat na niti, sisipsipan no reng
cell
deng
molecule
a bibilug king
sustansya
. Tutu lang maulaga king kabyayan o ekonomya deng fungi. Deng
lebadura
ing mag-ferment o “magpaslam,” king
beer
at magpayalsa
tinape
, at maragul yang industriya ing pamagpatubu kareng
payung-payungan
kareng dakal a bansa. Deng fungi ing pekamaulagang
maglaso
(primary decomposer) da reng meteng tanaman ampong animal kareng dakal a
ecosystem
, at maralas lang mayayakit king lumang pan antimong
kulapu
deti. Nanupata, maygit pa kaniting karaniwan a balu tamu tungkul kareng fungi ing komplikadu rang
biologia
deti.
Ing yellow fungus
Anyang minuna, tuturing da lang
tanaman
deng fungi uling
heterotroph
la
(e ra kukunan ing sarili rang carbon kapamilata’ning photosynthesis, nun e
gagamitan da ing carbon a kingwa ra, king carbon dioxide alimbawa, deng aliwang
organismu.) Mas malapit dong kamaganak deng fungi deng animal kesa kareng
tanaman, dapot ing pamiyaliwa ra, sisipsipan da ing karelang pamangan imbes na
kakanan de o sasamul iti, at padurutan dong
cell wall
deng karelang cell.
Uling kareng sangkan a reti, makabili no reti king sarili rang
kingdom (biologia
, ing Fungi.
Metung lang grupung
monophyletic
deng Fungi. Ing kabaldugan na niti, metung la mu pipumpunan deng eganaganang klasing fungi. Maniwala la reng
mycologist
(deng siyentipikung manigaral kareng fungi) a monophyletic la reti uling atin lang chitin kareng karelang cell wall at absorbtive heterotroph
la (sisipsipan da ing karelang pamangan, at aliwa ila ing gagawa kaniti), bukud pa kareng aliwang kauryan o characteristic.
Lipat ning keraklan e la maragul o kapansin-pansin deti, mayayakit la king balang kapaligiran king
yatu
deng fungi, at maulaga ing karelang papil king keraklan kareng
ecosystem
. Manimuna lang
maglaso
(decomposer) da reng meteng tanaman ampong animal kareng kakewan o gubat (forest) at dakal pang
paligid.
Parasiticu
la kareng tanaman ampong animal deng dakal a fungi, pati na kareng
tau
. Ila ing panibatan da reng dakal a sakit, alimbawa ing
lipunga
ampo ing
buni
kareng tau ampo ing
Dutch elm disease
kareng tanaman. Atin namang aliwang fungi a “kasosyu” kareng pamiugnayan a
symbiotic
da reng
algae
o
cyanobacteria
ampong reng fungi.
Makinabang la king symbiosis da reng karelang uyat o yamut ampo reng fungi deng keraklan kareng
tanaman
a vascular.
Malwat na king kasalesayan ing pamangamit da reng tau kareng fungi. Dakal la reng fungi a kakanan, kayabe no reng myayaliwang payung-payungan antimo reng
button mushroom
,
shiitake mushroom
, ampong
oyster mushroom
. Ita mu
pin, dakal no man deng payung-payungan a makalasun, at panibatan da reng dakal a kasu ning
pangasakit
o
pangamate
. Gagamitan de king pamangawang tinape ampong alak ing metung a uring fungus a awsan dang
lebadura
(yeast). Gagamitan da la murin deng fungus king pamangawa kareng sangkap o kemikal a pang-industriya antimo ing
lactic acid
, at king pamangawang pamangawang
stonewashed
. Atin namang uring fungi a kakanan da para king epektung
psychedelic
, king sangkan mang
pamaglibang (recreational drug use) o pang-relihiyun (anting
entheogen
.
Pipitnan do reng manimunang grupu da reng fungi dikil king kareng dake rang gagamitan king
pamiparakal
o reproduction. Lima la reng Division a kikilalanan da reng mycologist (deng siyentipikung manigaral kareng fungi) king salukuyan:
- Chytrid ing karaniwan a aus kareng Chytridiomycota. Gagawa lang zoospore deti a makagalong dili ra king likidung mesnstrua kapamilatan da reng simpling flagella
- Zygomycete ing aus da kareng Zygomycota, a darakal king sexual a paralan kapamilatan da reng meiospore a awsan dang zygospore. Kayabe ya king grupung iti ing matuling a kulapung tinape (black bread mold o Rhizopus). Metung ya muring alimbawa na niti ing Pilobolus, a mamasibas ispesyal a bini a pilang metru darasan king angin. Iti ing penibatan na lagyu nitang modern dance troupe o grupu ning makabayung terak.
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi murin ing aus da kareng kayabe king Glomeromycota. Metung ya mung species ing apansinan dang maki zygospore; asexual mu ing paralan a gagamitan da retang aliwa. Kanita ya pang minunang panaun (350 mybp) ing grupung iti.
- Sac fungi (a malyaring ilikas a “kulapung suput”) o ascomycete ing karaniwan a aus kareng Ascomycota. Makabalut la reti king espesyal a lulanan a awsan dang ascus. Kayabe la king dibisyun o grupung iti deng
morel
, mapilang
payung-payungan
, ampong
truffle
, at pati na reng lebadura at aliwang fungi a
tunggal mu cell, a kayabe kareng dakal a species darakal mu keng paralang asexual. Uling manatili lang makapalub king mala-suput a ascus deng bunga ning meiosis, gagamitan do reng maplian a uring ascomycete king pamipalino kareng tuntunan ning genetics ampo ing pamamuli o heredity (alimbawa, ing
Neurospora crassa
).
- Gagawa lang meiospore a awsan dang dang
basidiospore
kareng tangkeng lupang batuta (club-shaped) a awsan dang
basidium
. Kayabe la keti reng keraklan kareng karaniwang payung-payungan, ampo reng rust at smut fungi, a kayabe kareng manimunang magdalang sakit kareng binutil (grains).
Agyang sadya rong bibili king Kingdom Fungi deng
water mold
ampong
slime mold
, at panigaralan do pa murin deng mycologist angga ngeni, e la sadyang fungi deti. E anti kareng tutung fungi, e la gawa king
chitin
deng cell wall da reng water mold ampong slime mold. Ketang e na makaing bayung sistemang maki
limang Kingdom, makabili la reti king lalam ning Kingdom Protista.
Malyari lang tunggal mu cell (unicellular o single-celled) o dakal a cell (multicellular) deng fungi. Bibilugan dong sala-salang mangakaba’t mangapinung tela-tubong awsan dang hyphae deng fungi a multicellular. Makabili ya ing mycelium ketang pitutubwanan (
substrate
) nung nu ya kukwang sustansya ing
fungus. Uling pakakutkut la ketang materyal nung la tutubu deng fungus, keraklan e ta la karaniwang akakit.
Lipat ning kulang la kareng tutung organu deng fungi, malyari lang miyabe-yabe at bumilug lalung komplikadung parting awsan dang
fruiting body
, o sporocarp, neng ustu la reng kundisyun o kabilyan. ”Payung-payungan” ing karaniwan a yaus kareng fruiting body dang atyu babo gabun deng dakal a species
da reng fungus. Agyang dening parting atyu babo gabun ing apapansinan da keraklan deng tau, malati na la mung dake ning pangkabilugan a katawan ning fungus.
Sasabyan dang ing maragul diling organismu king yatu yapin ing metung a
Armillaria ostoyae
a tutubi king kakewan (gubat o forest) king dake aslagan ning
Oregon
,
USA
. Miras yang walung dalan at siyan a pulung
ektarya
(890
ha
) ing sala-salang mycelium a atyu a atyu
lalam gabun.
Malyari lang dakal king sexual o asexual a paralan deng fungi. King pamiparakal a sexual, pareu lang pareu deng
supling
kareng “pengaring” organismu. King pamiparakal a sexual, misasamut ing
sangkap a genetic
(genetic material),
anya atyu la kareng supling deng kauryan (traits) da reng adwang pengari. Pareu dong gagamitan deng adwang paralan a reti deng dakal a species dependi keng panaun, kabang atin namang purus sexual a asexual ing paralan a gagamitan da. E pa meyakit ing pamiparakal a sexual king Glomeromycota o kareng ascomycete.
Karaniwan, awsan dong Fungi imperfecti o
Deuteromycota
deng Glomeromycota.
Agyu rang dakal deng lebadura ampo reng aliwang unicellular a fungi kapamilatan ning
budding
, ing “pamanagtal” (“pinching off”) ning metung a bayung cell.
Myayaliwa lang uring spore deng gagawan da reng dakal a multicellular species, a malagwang mikakalat at mabibye agyang kareng paligid nung nu masakit kumabye.
Neng ustu ing kabilyan ning paligid at panaun, tutubu la reng spore a reti, at magparakal la kareng bayung kapaligiran.
Aliwang bagya ing pamiparakal a sexual kareng fungi kumpara kareng animal ampong tanaman, at aliwa ya paralan o estratehiya ing balang division o uri da reng fungi. Atin lang panaun a
haploid
, at atin lang panaun a
diploid
, king bye da reng fungi a darakal king paralan a sexual. Den namang ascomycete ampong basidiomycete, atin lang panaun a
dikaryotic
, nung nu e la tambing misasanib deng
cell nucleus
a amanu da reng adwang pengari, nun e manatili lang mikakawani kareng cell ning hypha.
Kareng namang zygomycete, misasanib la reng haploid a hypha da reng adwang mibabageng (compatible) a indibidwal, at iti magbunga yang
zygote
, a maging metung a matibeng
zygospore
. Ustung tinubu ya iting zygospore, e maglwat at dumalan ya king
meiosis
, at ating laltong bayung hyphae ampong asexual a
sporangiospore
. Malyari lang mikalat deting sporangiospore, at katubu ra, magi lang bayung fungus a pareung pareu sangkap a genetic, at gagawa yang sarili nang haploid hyphae ing balang metung. Neng mitagkil la reng hyphae da reng adwang fungus a mibabage, misasanib la reti, gagawa lang bayung zygospore, at
magi yang ganap o kumpletu ing durut (cycle).
Kareng ascomycete, neng misasanib reng mibabageng haploid hyphae, e la tambing misasanib deng karelang nucleus. Ating laltong parting awsan dang
ascus
kareting dikaryotic (adwa nucleus) a hyphae, nung nukarin malilyari ing
karyogamy
o pamisanib da reng nucleus. Makapalub la king
ascocarp
o fruiting body ning fungus dening ascus. Kabud milyari ing karyogamy, katuki ne
man ing meiosis, ampo ing pamangawa kareng ascospore. Mikakalat la reting ascospore, at ustung tinubu la, gagawa lang bayung haploid mycelium. Malyari ya muring gawang asexual a comidium ing haploid a mycelium. Ing lalto, dakal na kareng ascomycete ing e na makapagparakal king sexual a paralan, at darakal na
la mu kapamilatan da reng conidia.
Kawangis ne nitang kareng ascomycete ing sexual reproduction da reng basidiomycete. Misasanib la reng mibabageng haploid hypha at mikaka dikaryotic mycelium, at potang kayi, ating laltong
basidiocarp
. Deng payung-payungan ing kilalang dili kareng basidiocarp, pero dakal la pang aliwang uri. Gagawa
lang haploid a
basidiospore
detang parting lupang batutang awsan dang
basidia
, at kaybat na niti, malilyari ing karyogamy ampong meiosis. Tutubu la reting basidiospore bang gawang bayung haploid mycelia.
Kayabe la kareng pekakilalang fungus deng payung-payungan a apapangan, ampo retang makalasun. Dakal lang species deng tatanam da, oneng atin muring pupupulan a tutubung dili ra. Deng button mushroom (
Agaricus bisporus
) ing laganap diling species, a magagamit kareng salad, sopas at dakal pang aliwang
lutu. Kayabe la murin king species a iti deng
Portobello mushrooms
, oneng maragul lang maragul deti. Kayabe la murin kareng mitatanam a
payung-payungan a masasali kareng tindaan deng oyster mushroom, shiitake, at
enoki
mushroom.
Lalu lang dakal deng payung-payungan a tutubu namu kabud at pupupulan da reng tau para king sarili rang gamit o ba lang ipisali. Mangatas la ngan alaga deng morel,
en:chanterelle
,
en:truffle
,
black trumpet
,
at
porcini
mushroom (a awsan da muring bolete).
Makalasun la kareng tau deng pilang dalan a species da reng payung-payungan, at ing pamamangan kareti panibatan ning sakit atyan, hallucination, at neng kayi, kamatayan. Kayabe la king genus a
Amanita
deng mapilan kareng makalasun
dili, kayabe no reng
A. virosa
(ing "Destroying Angel") ampo ing
A. phalloides
(ing "Death Cap").
Dakal muring malalasun king
Fly agaric
, dapot malagud mung ating mamamate kaniti. Ding lyu, pamanyuka, tundu, ampong hallucination ing mapilan kareng maralas diling sintomas. Ing tutu, magagamit ya ing species a iti
kareng ritwal, ampong anting libangan, uling kaniting epektu nang hallucination.
Kaminstein, D. 2002. "Mushroom poisoning".]
Archived
Eneru 5, 2006 at the
Wayback Machine
Last accessed 5 January 2006.