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↑ "The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'
"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. (5 Wheat ) 420, 422 (1820)
↑ Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787?1788 . New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 433 . ISBN 978-0-684-86854-7 .
↑ "March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history" . Philadelphia: National Constitution Center . March 4, 2013. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 .
↑ "Presidential Election of 1789" . Digital Encyclopedia . Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association . Retrieved July 29, 2018 .

??? ????? [ ???? ]

Ayton, Mel. Plotting to Kill the President: Assassination Attempts from Washington to Hoover (Potomac Books, 2017), United States
Balogh, Brian and Bruce J. Schulman, eds. Recapturing the Oval Office: New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency (Cornell University Press, 2015), 311 pp.
Kernell, Samuel; Jacobson, Gary C. (1987). "Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century" (PDF) . Journal of Politics . 49 (4): 1016?1035. doi : 10.2307/2130782 . JSTOR 2130782 . S2CID 154834781 .
Lang, J. Stephen. The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia. Pelican Publishing. 2001. ISBN 1-56554-877-9
Graff, Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) online , short scholarly biographies from George Washington to William Clinton.
Greenberg, David. Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency (W. W. Norton & Company, 2015). xx, 540 pp. bibliography
Han, Lori Cox. The Presidency (ABC-CLIO, 2021). wide-ranging reference book.
Han, Lori Cox, ed. Hatred of America's Presidents: Personal Attacks on the White House from Washington to Trump (ABC-CLIO, 2018).
Holzer, Harold. The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media?from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (Dutton, 2020). Chapters on 20 presidencies.
Hopper, Jennifer Rose. "Reexamining the Nineteenth-Century Presidency and Partisan Press: The Case of President Grant and the Whiskey Ring Scandal." Social Science History 42.1 (2018): 109?133.
Leo, Leonard?Taranto, James?Bennett, William J. Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House. Simon and Schuster. 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5433-3
Marshall, Jon. Clash: Presidents and the Press in Times of Crisis (U of Nebraska Press, 2022).
Shade, William G. and Ballard Campbell, eds. American Presidential Campaigns and Elections (2003).
Sigelman, Lee; Bullock, David (1991). "Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888?1988" (PDF) . American Politics Quarterly . 19 (1): 5?32. doi : 10.1177/1532673x9101900101 . S2CID 154283367 .
Tebbel, John William , and Sarah Miles Watts. The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan (Oxford University Press, 1985). online review
Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. The image-is-everything presidency: Dilemmas in American leadership (Routledge, 2018).
Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Wiley, is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency.

?????????? ??? ?????? [ ???? ]

Greenstein, Fred I. et al. (1977). Evolution of the Modern President: A Bibliographical Survey . Annotated bibliography of 2500 scholarly articles and books covering each president.

???????? ???? [ ???? ]

Waldman, Michael; Stephanopoulos, George. My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade. 2003. ISBN 1-4022-0027-7 .

????? ???? [ ???? ]

White House homepage
United States Presidents Collection. General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

[formation-1] "The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'
"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. (5 Wheat ) 420, 422 (1820)

[2] Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787?1788 . New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 433 . ISBN 978-0-684-86854-7 .

[3] "March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history" . Philadelphia: National Constitution Center . March 4, 2013. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 .

[4] "Presidential Election of 1789" . Digital Encyclopedia . Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association . Retrieved July 29, 2018 .

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