????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
????? ??????
?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? 1895 ????
??????? ????
?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
???? ?????????
?????? ??? ??, ?? ?? ????? ??????,
????? ??????
,
?????
,
??????
, ???
???? ?????? ??? ????
???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????
???? ?????????
????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? '?? ????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? 10 ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? '??
???????
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???
????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? 1901 ???? ???????? ??
?????? ??????? ???? ???
??? ????? ??? ??? 1901 ??? 2022 ???, ???? 189 ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???
[2]
???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??. ???????, ????? ??. ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??, ??? ????
???? ?????
, ???? ??
???? ??????-?????
,
????? ??????
(1964),
??? ?????
(2009),
???????? ??????
(2018), ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? (2020) ??? ??????? ??. ?????? ????? ??? (2022)?
[3]
??????
[
????
]
?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? "??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???" ?????? ???? ???
[4]
[5]
T??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??, ??? 27 ????? 1895 ??? ????? ???? ???????-????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???
[6]
[7]
???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 94%, 31 ?????? ??????? ?????? (US$198 ??????, 2016 ???? €176 ??????) ??????
[8]
????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ?? 26 ?????? 1897 ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? (????? ?? ????) ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???.
[9]
[10]
???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???
????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????: ?????????? ????????? 7 ??? ???, ??????? ?????? 9 ??? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? 11 ??? ????
[11]
[12]
???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????-????????? '?? ?? ?????? ????? 1900 ????, ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? II ????? ???? ???? ?? ???
[10]
[13]
[14]
???? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???
[14]
??????? ??????
[
????
]
???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? '?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? 10 ????? ???, ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? '?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? "??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??: ??? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???" ("???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??")? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????
??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???-??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???
[
????? ???????
]
???????? ??? ???
[
????
]
????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???
????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? '?? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? - ?????? ??? ?????
?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??. ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???
???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???
???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? "???? ????? ??????" ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? '?? 20 ????? ?? ???? '?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??, ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
????
[
????
]
??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
[15]
???? ??????? ????
[
????
]
???? ??????? ????, ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???
[16]
???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? (???? ?? ???? ????) ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? (1833-1896) ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??, ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????
[17]
[18]
???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???
[19]
???? ??????? ???????
[
????
]
???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? '?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
[20]
???? ?? ???
[
????
]
????? ?????? ????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? '?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???-??-??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??, 2009 ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? 10 ?????? SEK (US$1.4 ??????) ???
[21]
?? 2012 ????, ?? ??? 8 ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? US$1.1 ?????? ???
[22]
???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??, ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
????? ?? ?????
[
????
]
??? ?? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???-????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???
[27]
2012 ??? ?? 30 ????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 2012 ??? ?? ?? ????? ????, ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???
[27]
??????? ?? ????? '?? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? '?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??? '?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???
[28]
2020 ????, Ioannidis et al. ?? ?????? ????? ?? 1995-2017 ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ??????, ???? ????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? 5.3% ??????
[29]
?????
[
????
]
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After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions?three Swedish and one Norwegian?should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in
Oslo
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