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Pregnancy
Pregnancy
Synonym	Gestation
	A pregnant woman
???????	Obstetrics , midwifery
????	Missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting , hunger, frequent urination
??????	Miscarriage , high blood pressure of pregnancy , gestational diabetes , iron-deficiency anemia , severe nausea and vomiting
????	~40 weeks from the last menstrual period
????	Sexual intercourse , assisted reproductive technology
???? ??? ?? ?????	Pregnancy test
????	Birth control (including emergency contraception )
????	Prenatal care , abortion
????	Folic acid , iron supplements
??????	213 million (2012)
?????	230,600 (2016)
	[ edit on Wikidata ]

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Pregnancy in art
?????? woman?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????; ????? ???? (1639?1715); 1700; ??????? ?????????????
??? ?????? woman?? ?? ????, ?????????
???? ????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? of?? ?? ????? ?? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? , ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????, 1620
Octave Tassaert , Waif ??? L'abandonnee 1852, Musee fabre , ??????

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↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "What are some common signs of pregnancy?" . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 .
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named John2012
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2013Compli
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Pregnancy: Condition Information" . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . December 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 .
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Abman, Steven H. (2011). Fetal and neonatal physiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 46?47. ISBN 978-1-4160-3479-7 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Shehan, Constance L. (2016). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set (in ????????). John Wiley & Sons. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-470-65845-1 . Archived from the original on 10 ????? 2017. {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "How do I know if I'm pregnant?" . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . November 30, 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Taylor D, James EA (2011). "An evidence-based guideline for unintended pregnancy prevention" . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing . 40 (6): 782?93. doi : 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01296.x . PMC 3266470 . PMID 22092349 .
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2013Prenatal
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Keats2019
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sed2014
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GBD2016
↑ Wylie, Linda (2005). Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care (Second ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-443-10041-3 . Archived from the original on 10 ????? 2017. {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )
↑ Calvert, Clara; Owolabi, Onikepe O; Yeung, Felicia; Pittrof, Rudiger; Ganatra, Bela; Tuncalp, Ozge; Adler, Alma J; Filippi, Veronique (2018). "The magnitude and severity of abortion-related morbidity in settings with limited access to abortion services: a systematic review and meta-regression" . BMJ Global Health (in ????????). 3 (3): e000692. doi : 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000692 . ISSN 2059-7908 . PMC 6035513 . PMID 29989078 .
↑ "Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy" . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD007058. July 2015. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3 . PMC 4084925 . PMID 26171896 .
↑ "Evaluation of ultrasound-estimated date of delivery in 17,450 spontaneous singleton births: do we need to modify Naegele's rule?". Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology . 14 (1): 23?28. July 1999. doi : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.14010023.x . PMID 10461334 .
↑ Pyeritz RE (2014). Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2015 . McGraw-Hill.
↑ Viswanathan M, Siega-Riz AM, Moos MK, et al. (?? 2008). Outcomes of Maternal Weight Gain . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Archived from the original on 28 ?? 2013 . Retrieved 23 ??? 2013 . {{ cite book }}: |work= ignored ( help )
↑ Lammi-Keefe, Carol Jean; Couch, Sarah C.; Philipson, Elliot H., eds. (2008). Handbook of nutrition and pregnancy . Nutrition and health. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 28. doi : 10.1007/978-1-59745-112-3 . ISBN 978-1-59745-112-3 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )
↑ Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. "Weight gain in pregnancy" . Fact sheet . Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 .
↑ Kramer, Michael S, ed. (July 2006). "Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 3 (3): CD000180. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD000180.pub2 . PMID 16855953 .
↑ "Effect of physical activity during pregnancy on mode of delivery". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 211 (4): 401.e1?411. October 2014. doi : 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.030 . PMID 24631706 .
↑ " "Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data" . Obstetrics and Gynecology . 121 (6): 1305?1308. June 2013. doi : 10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f . PMID 23812466 .
↑ "Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation" . American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. February 2016
↑ "Abortion ? Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" . merriam-webster.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015-07-19 .
↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sharply

[NIH2013Sym-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "What are some common signs of pregnancy?" . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 .

[John2012-2] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named John2012

[NIH2013Compli-3] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2013Compli

[NIH2013Def-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Pregnancy: Condition Information" . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . December 19, 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 .

[Ab2011-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Abman, Steven H. (2011). Fetal and neonatal physiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 46?47. ISBN 978-1-4160-3479-7 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )

[She2016-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Shehan, Constance L. (2016). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set (in ????????). John Wiley & Sons. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-470-65845-1 . Archived from the original on 10 ????? 2017. {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )

[NIH2012Diag-7] 7.0 ^7.1 "How do I know if I'm pregnant?" . Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . November 30, 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 .

[Tay2011-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Taylor D, James EA (2011). "An evidence-based guideline for unintended pregnancy prevention" . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing . 40 (6): 782?93. doi : 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01296.x . PMC 3266470 . PMID 22092349 .

[NIH2013Prenatal-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2013Prenatal

[Keats2019-10] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Keats2019

[Sed2014-11] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sed2014

[GBD2016-12] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GBD2016

[13] Wylie, Linda (2005). Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care (Second ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-443-10041-3 . Archived from the original on 10 ????? 2017. {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )

[14] Calvert, Clara; Owolabi, Onikepe O; Yeung, Felicia; Pittrof, Rudiger; Ganatra, Bela; Tuncalp, Ozge; Adler, Alma J; Filippi, Veronique (2018). "The magnitude and severity of abortion-related morbidity in settings with limited access to abortion services: a systematic review and meta-regression" . BMJ Global Health (in ????????). 3 (3): e000692. doi : 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000692 . ISSN 2059-7908 . PMC 6035513 . PMID 29989078 .

[15] "Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy" . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD007058. July 2015. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3 . PMC 4084925 . PMID 26171896 .

[16] "Evaluation of ultrasound-estimated date of delivery in 17,450 spontaneous singleton births: do we need to modify Naegele's rule?". Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology . 14 (1): 23?28. July 1999. doi : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.14010023.x . PMID 10461334 .

[17] Pyeritz RE (2014). Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2015 . McGraw-Hill.

[AHRQ-weight-18] Viswanathan M, Siega-Riz AM, Moos MK, et al. (?? 2008). Outcomes of Maternal Weight Gain . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Archived from the original on 28 ?? 2013 . Retrieved 23 ??? 2013 . {{ cite book }}: |work= ignored ( help )

[:2-19] Lammi-Keefe, Carol Jean; Couch, Sarah C.; Philipson, Elliot H., eds. (2008). Handbook of nutrition and pregnancy . Nutrition and health. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 28. doi : 10.1007/978-1-59745-112-3 . ISBN 978-1-59745-112-3 . {{ cite book }}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored ( |name-list-style= suggested) ( help )

[IQWiG-Weight-20] Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. "Weight gain in pregnancy" . Fact sheet . Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 .

[21] Kramer, Michael S, ed. (July 2006). "Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 3 (3): CD000180. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD000180.pub2 . PMID 16855953 .

[22] "Effect of physical activity during pregnancy on mode of delivery". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 211 (4): 401.e1?411. October 2014. doi : 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.030 . PMID 24631706 .

[23] " "Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data" . Obstetrics and Gynecology . 121 (6): 1305?1308. June 2013. doi : 10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f . PMID 23812466 .

[acog-24] "Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation" . American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. February 2016

[25] "Abortion ? Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" . merriam-webster.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015-07-19 .

[sharply-26] ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sharply

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