?????????

?????:Bruce McCandless?I during EVA in 1984.jpg

1984 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????

????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??, ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ???? ???-????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ^[1]^[2]

17 ????? 2017 ??? 36 ?????? ??? ???? 552 ?????? 100 ??.??. ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ?????? 549 ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ^[3]

????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 12 ?????, 1961 ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 20 ?????, 1969 ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1972 ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????

????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???

???????? [ ???? ]

???-??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????-??? ??? ???.?.??. (FAI) ?? ?????? ???? ????? 100 ??.??. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ^[4] ?????? ??? ?????? ???? 50 ??.??. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ^[3]^[5]

???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? 438 ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ^[6] 2006 ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 7 ?? ??? ???? ???? ??. ??? ??? ?????????? ????-????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? 401,056 ??.??. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? , ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? 13 ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ^[6]

??? ??? [ ???? ]

???????? ???? ??????????? ??? '??????????' (astronaut) ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? '?????????' (Космонавт) ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? '???????' ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???-??? ???? ??????????? ??? '?????????' ??? '??????? ???' (太空人) ?? ???? ????? ??? ^[7]^[8]

?? ?? ???? [ ???? ]

????? [ ???? ]

↑ NASA (2006). "Astronaut Fact Book" (PDF) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original (PDF) on ????? 26, 2007 . Retrieved October 4, 2007 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ Marie MacKay (2005). "Former astronaut visits USU" . The Utah Statesman. Archived from the original on ????? 26, 2008 . Retrieved October 4, 2007 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics" . www.worldspaceflight.com . Retrieved November 17, 2016 .
↑ FAI Sporting Code, Section 8, Paragraph 2.18.1
↑ Whelan, Mary (June 5, 2013). "X-15 Space Pioneers Now Honored as Astronauts" .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named stats
↑ Chiew, Lee Yih (May 19, 1998). "Google search of "taikonaut" sort by date" . Usenet posting . Chiew Lee Yih . Retrieved September 27, 2008 .
↑ Chiew, Lee Yih (March 10, 1996). "Chiew Lee Yih misspelled "taikonaut" 2 years before it first appear" . Usenet posting . Chiew Lee Yih . Retrieved September 27, 2008 .

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace
NASA: How to become an astronaut 101 Archived 2020-01-18 at the Wayback Machine .
List of?nternational partnership organizations Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine .
Encyclopedia Astronautica: Phantom cosmonauts
collectSPACE: Astronaut appearances calendar
spacefacts Spacefacts.de
Manned astronautics: facts and figures
Astronaut Candidate Brochure online Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine .

[fact-1] NASA (2006). "Astronaut Fact Book" (PDF) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original (PDF) on ????? 26, 2007 . Retrieved October 4, 2007 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[utah-2] Marie MacKay (2005). "Former astronaut visits USU" . The Utah Statesman. Archived from the original on ????? 26, 2008 . Retrieved October 4, 2007 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[stats1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics" . www.worldspaceflight.com . Retrieved November 17, 2016 .

[4] FAI Sporting Code, Section 8, Paragraph 2.18.1

[5] Whelan, Mary (June 5, 2013). "X-15 Space Pioneers Now Honored as Astronauts" .

[stats-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named stats

[chiew-7] Chiew, Lee Yih (May 19, 1998). "Google search of "taikonaut" sort by date" . Usenet posting . Chiew Lee Yih . Retrieved September 27, 2008 .

[chiew2-8] Chiew, Lee Yih (March 10, 1996). "Chiew Lee Yih misspelled "taikonaut" 2 years before it first appear" . Usenet posting . Chiew Lee Yih . Retrieved September 27, 2008 .

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