???? ???

???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ( English : Petroleum ; ?????? ??? ^[1]^[2]^[3]) ??? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??-???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ^[4] ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???

???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???-???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???

???? [ ???? ]

??? ????? ????
???	?????? ?? ????
?????	83 ??? 85%
????????	10 ??? 14%
????????	0.1 ??? 2%
??????	0.05 ??? 1.5%
????	0.05 ??? 6.0%
?????	< 0.1%

???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ^[6]

??? ????? ????
???????????	???	????
??????? (????????)	30%	15 ??? 60%
???????	49%	30 ??? 60%
??????? ???	15%	3 ??? 30%
Asphaltics	6%	????

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Petroleum". Concise Oxford English Dictionary
↑ The Latin word petra is a loanword from Greek π?τρα .
↑ "Gasoline as Fuel ? History of Word Gasoline ? Gasoline and Petroleum Origins" . Alternativefuels.about.com. 2013-07-12. Archived from the original on 2008-09-26 . Retrieved 2013-08-27 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ EIA Energy Kids - Oil (petroleum) . Eia.gov. Retrieved on 2013-11-26.
↑ Alboudwarej; et al. (Summer 2006). "Highlighting Heavy Oil" (PDF) . Oilfield Review . Retrieved July 4, 2012 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ; Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help )
↑ Hyne (2001), pp. 1?4.

Hyne, Norman J. (2001). Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling, and Production . PennWell Corporation. ISBN 0-87814-823-X .

????? ????? [ ???? ]

Khavari, Farid A. (1990). Oil and?slam: the Ticking Bomb . First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts.?SBN 0-915677-55-5

????? ??? [ ???? ]

Petroleum ???? ????
Petroleum Online e-Learning resource from?HRDC
Largest Oil producers in the World Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine .
Brent and WTI crude oil. What makes price difference ^{[
permanent dead link
]}
U.S. Energy?nformation Administration
- U.S. Department of Energy EIA ? World supply and consumption
- Who are the major players supplying the world oil market?
American Petroleum?nstitute ? the trade association of the US oil industry.
Oil survey ? OECD International Energy Agency Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine .
Oil and Gas?ndustry Learning Center ? information on oil and gas processes
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Hazardous Substances Databank ? Crude Oil
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012 ^{[
permanent dead link
]}
Crude : 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary [3 x 30 minutes] about the formation of oil, and humanity's use of it

[1] "Petroleum". Concise Oxford English Dictionary

[2] The Latin word petra is a loanword from Greek π?τρα .

[3] "Gasoline as Fuel ? History of Word Gasoline ? Gasoline and Petroleum Origins" . Alternativefuels.about.com. 2013-07-12. Archived from the original on 2008-09-26 . Retrieved 2013-08-27 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[4] EIA Energy Kids - Oil (petroleum) . Eia.gov. Retrieved on 2013-11-26.

[5] Alboudwarej; et al. (Summer 2006). "Highlighting Heavy Oil" (PDF) . Oilfield Review . Retrieved July 4, 2012 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ; Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help )

[Hyne_2001-6] Hyne (2001), pp. 1?4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]