한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ???? - ?????????, ?? ????? ????????????? ?????? '?? ???

???? ????

?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???
???? ????
??? ( 1890-01-09 ) 9 ????? 1890
??? 25 ????? 1938 (1938-12-25) (??? 48)
???? , ???????????? ????? (??? ???? ?????)
????? ????
???? ???? ????
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???? ???? ( ????:  [?kar?l ?t?ap?k]  ( ???? ) ) (9 ????? 1890 ? 25 ????? 1938) 20??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???

???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ????, ???????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? , ?????? ??? ???? , ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? '????' ' ?????? ' '( ???? ?? ???????? ????? ) ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? [1] [2] ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ??? '?? '?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? [3] ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? [4] [5]

????? [ ???? ]

  1. Ort, Thomas (2013). Art and Life in Modernist Prague: Karel Capek and His Generation, 1911-1938 . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-1-349-29532-6 .
  2. Oxford English Dictionary: robot n2
  3. Hanley, Sean (2008). The New Right in the New Europe: Czech Transformation and Right-Wing . Routledge. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-415-34135-6 .
  4. Misterova, Ivona (2010). "Letters from England: Views on London and Londoners by Karel Capek, the Czech "Gentleman Stroller of London Streets" . Literary London: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Representation of London . 8 (2) . Retrieved 20 July 2016 .
  5. Ort 2013 , p. 3.