??????

??????? ???? ?????? (??????) ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ^[1]??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ^[2] ??? ?????? ???, ?????? "???, ???????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????" ??? ?????? ??? ^[3]

???????? ???? ?? ???? ??: ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??; ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ^[4]

?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? (??????) ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???

?????? ??, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???

???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ????-???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???

??????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? (121-180 ?.) ?? ?????:

"?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???" ^[5]

???? ???? (1588-1679) ??????:

"??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????" ( Leviathan , Part 2, Ch. XXI).

??? ??? (1632?1704) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???, ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????:

"????? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ??????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??: '???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????' ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? (1) ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? (2) ?????? ?? ?????, ????????, ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????" ^[6]

??????? ??? [ ???? ]

?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??; ?????, ?????? ???? ???-????? ?? ??? ??; ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ^[7]

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "The fact of not being controlled by or subject to fate; freedom of will." Oxford English Dictionary . [1]
↑ "Each of those social and political freedoms which are considered to be the entitlement of all members of a community; a civil liberty." Oxford English Dictionary . [2]
↑ "Freedom from the bondage or dominating influence of sin, spiritual servitude, worldly ties." Oxford English Dictionary . [3]
↑ Mill, J.S. (1869)., "Chapter I: Introductory", On Liberty . http://www.bartleby.com/130/1.html
↑ Marcus Aurelius, "Meditations", Book I, Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, ISBN 1853264865
↑ Two Treatises on Government : A Translation into Modern English , ISR, 2009, p. 76
↑ ?????? ???? (2020-02-19). "???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????" . Punjabi Tribune Online (in ?????) . Retrieved 2020-02-20 . ^{[
permanent dead link
]}

[1] "The fact of not being controlled by or subject to fate; freedom of will." Oxford English Dictionary . [1]

[2] "Each of those social and political freedoms which are considered to be the entitlement of all members of a community; a civil liberty." Oxford English Dictionary . [2]

[3] "Freedom from the bondage or dominating influence of sin, spiritual servitude, worldly ties." Oxford English Dictionary . [3]

[mill1-4] Mill, J.S. (1869)., "Chapter I: Introductory", On Liberty . http://www.bartleby.com/130/1.html

[5] Marcus Aurelius, "Meditations", Book I, Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, ISBN 1853264865

[6] Two Treatises on Government : A Translation into Modern English , ISR, 2009, p. 76

[7] ?????? ???? (2020-02-19). "???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????" . Punjabi Tribune Online (in ?????) . Retrieved 2020-02-20 . ^{[
permanent dead link
]}

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