???-??????

???-??????
???-??????
???????
	?????:Astana, capital of Kazakhstan 02.jpg ?????? ??? ?? ??????: ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? , ????????? ?????? ????? ??? , ?????? ?????? ????? , ?.?. ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? , ????????? ?????????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? , ??? ?????
Flag	Coat of arms
	Lua error in ??????:Location_map at line 522: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Kazakhstan" does not exist.
	????: 51°10′N 71°26′E / 51.167°N 71.433°E
Country	Kazakhstan
??????	1830 ???? ??????
??? ?????	1832 ???? ?????????
??? ?????	1961 ???? ?????????
??? ?????	1992 ???? ??????
??? ?????	1998 ???? ??????
?????
? ????	????-?????
? ????	?????? ?? ?????? ?????
? ????	???? ???????
????
? ????	710.2 km 2 (274.2 sq mi)
?????	347 m (1,138 ft)
????? (1 ???2017)
? ????	10,06,574
? ????	1,081.5/km 2 (2,801/sq mi)
???? ????	??????+6 ( ALMT )
??? ???	010000?010015
???? ???	+7 7172
ISO 3166-2	AST
??????? ????	01, Z
????????	www .gov .kz /memleket /entities /astana?lang=kk

???-?????? ( / ? n ??r s ? l ? t ?ː n / ; ^[7] ?????? ?????: [n?? s?lt?n] ; ?????? : Н?р-С?лтан ) ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? 2017 ?? ?????? ??????? ???-?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? 1,006,574 ??, ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????:Invalid parameter in <ref> tag

????? ?????? ( ?????? : Aqmoly ) or Akmolinsky prikaz ( ???? : Акмолинский приказ ) ?? ???? ?? ??? '?? 1830 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? '?? ??? ????? 1832 ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ( ???? : Акмолинск ) ?? ????? ???? 20 ???? 1961 ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ( ???? : Целиноград ) ?? ????? ???? 1992 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ( ?????? : Aqmola ) ?? ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? 10 ?????? 1997 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? 6 ?? 1998 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ???-?????? ?? ????? ????

?????? ???-?????? ???? ???? ???????? , ???????? ???? ????????? , ???????? ???? ?????????? , ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ^[8] ???-?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ^[8] ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? '??, ???-?????? ????????? ?? ???? , ?????? ???? , ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? '?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? , ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ^[9]^[10]^[11] ???-?????? ????? ???? ????-????? , ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???

????? [ ???? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Pospelov 1993 , pp. 24?25.
↑ "The history of Astana" . Akimat of Astana. 19 ????? 2013. Archived from the original on 22 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
↑ "??????? ???? ????" . 1 ??? 2017. Archived from the original on 15 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 15 ???? 2017 .
↑ "Postal Code for Astana, Kazakhstan" . Postal Codes Database . Retrieved 10 ???? 2015 .
↑ "Kazakhstan Country Codes" . CountryCallingCodes.com . Retrieved 9 ???? 2015 .
↑ "ISO Subentity Codes for Kazakhstan" . GeoNames.org . Retrieved 10 ???? 2015 .
↑ "Nursultan" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 13 ?? 2019 .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 "Astana, Kazakhstan: the space station in the steppes" . The Guardian. 8 ???? 2010 . Retrieved 20 ?????? 2015 .
↑ Steven Lee Myers (13 ?????? 2006). "Kazakhstan's Futuristic Capital, Complete With Pyramid" . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 .
↑ "Astana, the futuristic frontier of architecture" . The Guardian. 8 ???? 2010 . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 .
↑ Daisy Carrington (13 ????? 2012). "Astana: The world's weirdest capital city" . CNN . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 .

[FOOTNOTEPospelov199324–25-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Pospelov 1993 , pp. 24?25.

[The_history_of_Astana-2] "The history of Astana" . Akimat of Astana. 19 ????? 2013. Archived from the original on 22 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )

[The_population_of_Astana-3] "??????? ???? ????" . 1 ??? 2017. Archived from the original on 15 ????? 2017 . Retrieved 15 ???? 2017 .

[4] "Postal Code for Astana, Kazakhstan" . Postal Codes Database . Retrieved 10 ???? 2015 .

[5] "Kazakhstan Country Codes" . CountryCallingCodes.com . Retrieved 9 ???? 2015 .

[6] "ISO Subentity Codes for Kazakhstan" . GeoNames.org . Retrieved 10 ???? 2015 .

[MerWeb-7] "Nursultan" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 13 ?? 2019 .

[Astana-8] 8.0 ^8.1 "Astana, Kazakhstan: the space station in the steppes" . The Guardian. 8 ???? 2010 . Retrieved 20 ?????? 2015 .

[9] Steven Lee Myers (13 ?????? 2006). "Kazakhstan's Futuristic Capital, Complete With Pyramid" . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 .

[10] "Astana, the futuristic frontier of architecture" . The Guardian. 8 ???? 2010 . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 .

[11] Daisy Carrington (13 ????? 2012). "Astana: The world's weirdest capital city" . CNN . Retrieved 6 ?????? 2014 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]