??????????? ?????
|
---|
??????????? ????? ?????????,????
|
???? ? ?????????
| (
1861-05-07
)
?? ?, ????
??????
|
---|
??????
| ? ????? ????
(1941-08-07)
(??? ??)
??????
|
---|
??????
| ???,???????????
|
---|
????
| ??????
|
---|
??????? ????
| ?????????
,????,?? ?? ??
|
---|
????????
| ????????? ????? ????????,????
|
---|
????????
| ???????? ????
|
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'
??????????? ?????
'
[a]
(
;
Bengali pronunciation:
[robind?ro
nat??
??akur]
), (????-????)
[b]
???????? ??? ???, ???????????, ????????, ?????????, ??????? ? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?
[?]
?????? "??????? ?????" ???? ????? ?????????? ?
[?]
???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
????? ????????
??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????, ?????, ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??' ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ???? ???????????, ???? ????, ???? ???????, ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?
?????????
? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??????????, ????, ?????? ?????; ???? ???????
?????????
???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
????? ????????
??? ??????? ?
??????????? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????: ???? "
?? ?? ??
" ? ???????? "
???? ????? ??????
" ? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
????
?????? ????????
???????
?????
?????????? ??????? ???
????
??? ?? ?????????, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?
???? ???? ?????, ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?
???????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????,?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ????????, ???????, ????????????????? ???? ?
[??]
??
??????? ?????
?????? ?
?????
?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????
????????? ?
????????? ????? ,?? ?????, ?????????? , ??? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ????????? ????? ????, ???????????
????? ?????? ?????????????
??????? ??????? ?
[??]
????? ???? (????-????)
[
????????
]
???????? ??????? ??? "???" ?? "????" ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??'??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ???????? mansion ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???
???????????? ?????
(????-????) ? ??'??? ??? ????? ????(????-????) ???? ?
[c]
The last two days a storm has been raging, similar to the description in my song?
Jhauro jhauro borishe baridhara
[... amidst it] a hapless, homeless man drenched from top to toe standing on the roof of his steamer [...] the last two days I have been singing this song over and over [...] as a result the pelting sound of the intense rain, the wail of the wind, the sound of the heaving Gorai [R]iver, have assumed a fresh life and found a new language and I have felt like a major actor in this new musical drama unfolding before me.
“
”
? Letter to Indira Devi.
????? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ???? ???????; ???? ??????? ????? ??'???? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
????? ??????
??????? ????????????
????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???
??????????????
??? ???????? ? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ???
???????????
, ????? ????? ?????-??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???,
??????????????
????????, ????????, ? ?????? ???? ?
????? ????
???????? ?????? ????
??? ???????? ???? ?
[
???? ?????
]
????? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ???????,?? ???????????????? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????
[
???? ?????
]
????? ???? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ????? ???????, ? ?? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ???
???????
?????? ????? ??????? ?
????? ???
???????????? ?????
?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????: ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ????? ??????, ? ??????/ ????????? ? ?? ????????, ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ???????, ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?
?? ???? ??? ????
???????????? ???????????
??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?
????? ???,???? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ,???? ??????? ?????? ,??????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????,
???????
, ?????? ???????, ?
??????? ??????? ?
?????? ??????? ? ?? ????
??????? ???
?????? ???????? ?
[??]
[??]
?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????
?????? ??????
????? ??????????? ??? ????????,
????????? ????????
?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?
[??]
Regional experts accepted them as the lost works of Bh?nusi?ha.
[d]
?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? "???????"(?????? ?????? ???)
,???? ???? ??
?????? ?????
(????)? ????? "??????? ???????????"(
???????? ????????
)
??????(????-????)
[
????????
]
????
??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???????? ??????
???????
?
????
??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????: ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? (????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????), ???????? ???
????????????
????? ??'??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?
?? ?????
????? ?????????????
?? ????????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????, ?? ?????????, ??????? ??????? (Religio Medici), ????????? (Coriolanus) , ??????? ??? ??????????? (Antony and Cleopatra ) ?????? ? ?????, ??????(??????????), ????????(????? ???????)??? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?
???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????(????-????) ??, ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? (????? ?????), ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????(??????, ????????) ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????( ????) ???? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?
??????
????
, ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????
?????
????? ????
?? ?????? ????, ??????????? ??
????
???? ???????
?? ?????? ??????? ,????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?
[??]
??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????-???? ????????? ????????
????
??? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????,
???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ????? ?? ????- ?????? ????????? ???? ???????, ??-????
?????????
???????? ?
????-???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?
????????????(????-????)
[
????????
]
?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????(??????????)?? ???????????, ?????? ??
?????
,????????? ???,????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ,???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ??? ????????? ???????,
????
??????
????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ????? ?,??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?
?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????
???????
(????)?
?????
(????)?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?
?????? ?????
???? ????????
????? ??????????? ?????? ??
??????? ?????
???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????
????????? ??????????
??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?
[??]
?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????
Leonard Elmhirst
?? ??? "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? "???? ??????",
?????
,
?????
????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?
?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????????, ?????????????????, ????????????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?
????? ?????? ?????????? ????????
??????????/???????
,???????? ???? ???????, ? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????
???????? ????????
???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????/???? ????????
??????(????-????)
[
????????
]
?????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? "peripatetic litterateur"?? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ????-????? ??????????(????), ??? ????? (????), ??? ??????? (????). ?????? ???? ??????? ????-??? ??? ?????-????:
?????
(????), ?????? (????),??? ????????? (????); ??? ????? ???????: Dui Bon (????), Malancha (????), ??? ???? ??????(????)?
[
???? ?????
]
Clouds come floating into my life, no longer to carry rain or usher storm, but to add color to my sunset sky.
“
”
?Verse 292,
Stray Birds
, 1916.
?? ???????? ???????, ???????????????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??(????),??? ?????(????), ???????? (????) ? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ,???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????, ? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????; ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?. ??. ???, ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????-?????? ??? ????? ?
?? ????? ?????, ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????/??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????/???? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? /????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??-?? ????? ,????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????, ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?
I'm lost in the middle of my birthday. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's last love. I will take life's final offering, I will take the human's last blessing. Today my sack is empty. I have given completely whatever I had to give. In return if I receive anything?some love, some forgiveness?then I will take it with me when I step on the boat that crosses to the festival of the wordless end.
Our passions and desires are unruly, but our character subdues these elements into a harmonious whole. Does something similar to this happen in the physical world? Are the elements rebellious, dynamic with individual impulse? And is there a principle in the physical world which dominates them and puts them into an orderly organization?
“
”
? Interviewed by Einstein, 14 April 1930.
Tagore's Bengali-language initials are worked into this "Ro-Tho" wooden seal, stylistically similar to designs used in traditional
Haida
carvings. Tagore embellished his manuscripts with such art.
the pathos of the
purabi raga
reminded Tagore of the evening tears of a lonely widow, while
kanara
was the confused realization of a nocturnal wanderer who had lost his way. In
bhupali
he seemed to hear a voice in the wind saying 'stop and come hither'.
Paraj
conveyed to him the deep slumber that overtook one at night's end.
?
Reba Som
,
Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song
."
Surrounded by several painters Rabindranath had always wanted to paint. Writing and music, playwriting and acting came to him naturally and almost without training, as it did to several others in his family, and in even greater measure. But painting eluded him. Yet he tried repeatedly to master the art and there are several references to this in his early letters and reminiscence. In 1900 for instance, when he was nearing forty and already a celebrated writer, he wrote to Jagadishchandra Bose, "You will be surprised to hear that I am sitting with a sketchbook drawing. Needless to say, the pictures are not intended for any salon in Paris, they cause me not the least suspicion that the national gallery of any country will suddenly decide to raise taxes to acquire them. But, just as a mother lavishes most affection on her ugliest son, so I feel secretly drawn to the very skill that comes to me least easily." He also realized that he was using the eraser more than the pencil, and dissatisfied with the results he finally withdrew, deciding it was not for him to become a painter.
[??]
[I]n days long gone by [...] I can see [...] the King's postman coming down the hillside alone, a lantern in his left hand and on his back a bag of letters climbing down for ever so long, for days and nights, and where at the foot of the mountain the waterfall becomes a stream he takes to the footpath on the bank and walks on through the rye; then comes the sugarcane field and he disappears into the narrow lane cutting through the tall stems of sugarcanes; then he reaches the open meadow where the cricket chirps and where there is not a single man to be seen, only the snipe wagging their tails and poking at the mud with their bills. I can feel him coming nearer and nearer and my heart becomes glad.
“
”
? Amal in
The Post Office
, 1914.
but the meaning is less intellectual, more emotional and simple. The deliverance sought and won by the dying child is the same deliverance which rose before his imagination, [...] when once in the early dawn he heard, amid the noise of a crowd returning from some festival, this line out of an old village song, "Ferryman, take me to the other shore of the river." It may come at any moment of life, though the child discovers it in death, for it always comes at the moment when the "I", seeking no longer for gains that cannot be "assimilated with its spirit", is able to say, "All my work is thine".
The time that my journey takes is long and the way of it long.
I came out on the chariot of the first gleam of light, and pursued my voyage through the wildernesses of worlds leaving my track on many a star and planet.
It is the most distant course that comes nearest to thyself, and that training is the most intricate which leads to the utter simplicity of a tune.
The traveller has to knock at every alien door to come to his own, and one has to wander through all the outer worlds to reach the innermost shrine at the end.
My eyes strayed far and wide before I shut them and said 'Here art thou!'
The question and the cry 'Oh, where?' melt into tears of a thousand streams and deluge the world with the flood of the assurance 'I am!'
“
”
? Song XII,
Gitanjali
, 1913.
|
|
Song VII of
Gitanjali
:
???? ? ??? ??????? ???
??? ??????
????? ???? ???? ?? ??
????? ???????
?????? ?? ???? ?'???
??????? ????? ???,
????? ??? ???? ?? ???
???? ??????
????? ???? ???? ?? ???
???? ??? ???-
??????, ????? ?????
???? ??? ?? ????
???? ???? ??? ???
??? ??? ????? ????,
??? ???? ???? ???
??? ????? ????
|
Amar e gan chhe?echhe tar shokol olongkar
Tomar kachhe rakhe ni ar shajer ohongkar
Olongkar je majhe po?e milonete a?al kore,
Tomar kotha đhake je tar mukhoro jhongkar.
Tomar kachhe kha?e na mor kobir gorbo kora,
Mohakobi, tomar paee dite chai je dhora.
Jibon loe joton kori jodi shorol bashi go?i,
Apon shure dibe bhori sokol chhidro tar.
|
Tagore's free-verse translation:
My song has put off her adornments.
She has no pride of dress and decoration.
Ornaments would mar our union; they would come
between thee and me; their jingling would drown thy whispers.
My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight.
O master poet, I have sat down at thy feet.
Only let me make my life simple and straight,
like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music.
"Klanti" (
????????
; "Weariness"):
???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????,
??? ??? ??????? ???? ????
??-?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
?? ????? ????? ???, ????? ???, ????? ??? ??????
?? ????? ????? ??? ?????,
????-???? ????? ??? ????
????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????,
??? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ???, ????? ??? ??????
|
Klanti amar khoma koro probhu,
Pothe jodi pichhie po?i kobhu.
'
Ei je hia thoro thoro kape aji emontoro,
'Ei bedona khoma koro khoma koro probhu.
Ei dinota khoma koro probhu,
Pichhon-pane takai jodi kobhu.
Diner tape roudrojalae shukae mala pujar thalae,
Shei mlanota khoma koro khoma koro, probhu.
|
Gloss by Tagore scholar
Reba Som
:
Forgive me my weariness O Lord
Should I ever lag behind
For this heart that this day trembles so
And for this pain, forgive me, forgive me, O Lord
For this weakness, forgive me O Lord,
If perchance I cast a look behind
And in the day's heat and under the burning sun
The garland on the platter of offering wilts,
For its dull pallor, forgive me, forgive me O Lord.
????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????,? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????,???? ?? twenties?? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????-??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????,?? ?????? ?????????????Terauchi Masatake ? ????? ??????????????kuma Shigenobu??? ?? ??????? ?????????
So I repeat we never can have a true view of man unless we have a love for him. Civilisation must be judged and prized, not by the amount of power it has developed, but by how much it has evolved and given expression to, by its laws and institutions, the love of humanity.
“
”
?
S?dhan?: The Realisation of Life
, 1916.
????????? ????????????
[
????????
]
???????????? ??? ????? ?????
[
????????
]
????????????? ???
[
????????
]
????? ? ?????????
[
????????
]
Who are you, reader, reading my poems a hundred years hence?
I cannot send you one single flower from this wealth of the spring, one single streak of gold from yonder clouds.
Open your doors and look abroad.
From your blossoming garden gather fragrant memories of the vanished flowers of an hundred years before.
In the joy of your heart may you feel the living joy that sang one spring morning, sending its glad voice across an hundred years.
“
”
?
The Gardener
, 1915.
Anyone who knows Tagore's poems in their original Bengali cannot feel satisfied with any of the translations (made with or without Yeats's help). Even the translations of his prose works suffer, to some extent, from distortion. E.M. Forster noted [of]
The Home and the World
[that] '[t]he theme is so beautiful,' but the charms have 'vanished in translation,' or perhaps 'in an experiment that has not quite come off.'
- ↑
"Tagore, Sir Rabindranath", in
Webster's Biographical Dictionary
(1943), Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.
- ↑
"Work of Rabindranath Tagore celebrated in London - BBC News"
.
BBC News
(in ????????? ??????)
. Retrieved
15 July
2015
.
- ↑
Habib, Haroon
(17 May 2011).
"Celebrating Rabindranath Tagore's legacy"
.
The Hindu
.
- ↑
Haque, Junaidul (7 May 2011).
"Rabindranath: He belonged to the world"
.
The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
1 February
2016
.
- ↑
de Silva, K. M.
;
Wriggins, Howard
(1988).
J. R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: a Political Biography - Volume One: The First Fifty Years
.
University of Hawaii Press
. p. 368.
ISBN
0-8248-1183-6
.
- ↑
"Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore"
.
The Times of India
.
Times News Network
. 3 April 2011.
- ↑
"How Tagore inspired Sri Lanka's national anthem"
.
IBN Live
. 8 May 2012. Archived from
the original
on 10 May 2012
. Retrieved
1 February
2016
.
- ↑
"Nationalism is a Great Menace" Tagore and Nationalism, by Radhakrishnan M. and Roychowdhury D. from Hogan, P. C.; Pandit, L. (2003), Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition, pp 29-40
- ↑
"Visva-Bharti-Facts and Figures at a Glance"
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-05-23
. Retrieved
2016-02-01
.
- ↑
(
Dutta & Robinson 1995
, pp. 55?56)
harv error: no target: CITEREFDuttaRobinson1995 (
help
)
.
- ↑
(
Stewart & Twichell 2003
, p. 91)
harv error: no target: CITEREFStewartTwichell2003 (
help
)
.
- ↑
(
Stewart & Twichell 2003
, p. 3)
harv error: no target: CITEREFStewartTwichell2003 (
help
)
.
- ↑
Chowdury, A. A. (1992),
Lalon Shah
, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangla Academy,
ISBN
984-07-2597-1
- ↑
Anil Sethi; Guha; Khullar; Nair; Prasad; Anwar; Singh; Mohapatra, eds. (2014). "The Rowlatt Satyagraha".
Our Pasts: Volume 3, Part 2
(History text book) (Revised 2014 ed.). India:
NCERT
. p. 148.
ISBN
9788174508386
.
- ↑
"Tabu mone rekho"
(in Bengali). tagoreweb.in. Archived from
the original
on 20 February 2019
. Retrieved
11 May
2012
.
- ↑
R. Siva Kumar
(2011)
The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore
.
- ↑
Romanised from
Bengali script
:
Robindronath ?hakur
.
- ↑
Bengali calendar
: 25
Baishakh
, 1268 – 22
Srabon
, 1348 (???? ?????, ???? – ???? ??????, ???? ????????).
- ↑
Tagore was born at No. 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lane, Jorasanko ? the address of the main mansion (the
Jorasanko Thakurbari
) inhabited by the Jorasanko branch of the Tagore clan, which had earlier suffered an acrimonious split. Jorasanko was located in the Bengali section of Calcutta, near Chitpur Road.
Dwarkanath Tagore
was his paternal grandfather.
Debendranath had formulated the
Brahmoist
philosophies espoused by his friend
Ram Mohan Roy
, and became focal in Brahmo society after Roy's death.
- ↑
... and wholly fictitious ...
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