????-??????? ??????

???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ??????/?????? ??? ? ????? ????-????????? ?????? (???????? Photoelectric Effect) ??????? ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????? “????-??????????” ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?

????????? ????????-??????????? ??????? ??? ????-????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????-??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????, ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?

????????, ?? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? (???????? Threshold Frequency) ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????/????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? (E = hν)?? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ????? (E) ? ??????? (ν)? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? (h)?? “???????? ?????????” ???? ??????? ? ^[?]^[?]

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ^[?]^[?] ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???-?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????-???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????-????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ????????????? ????-????????? ????? ???????? ???? ^[?] ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ????-????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ^[?]

???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????-????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ??????????-?????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???-?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????-????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-????? ????? ????? (??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????) ????????? ????????? ? ????-?????? ??????, ????-??????????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?

??????? ???????? ???-?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???, ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???-?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???-?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??’?? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?

?????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ????? ?? ???????? Work Function)?? ??????? ???, ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???-??????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????-????????? ?????????? ??????? ?

“??? ????? ?????????” ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ^[?]^[?]^[?]

????-????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?? ???? ???????? ???-?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????-???????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????? ???-?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???-??????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ^[?]

?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???-??????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ???-??????????? ?????(Photoelectric Current)?? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?/?????????? ???????? ?????? ???-?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?

??????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???? ??????? ?????????? ????-????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????-????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?

?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? $K_{\max }$ ?? $E_{k_{max}}$ ? ?????? ???? :

K_{\max }=h\,f-\varphi ,

????? $h$ ???????? ????????? ??? $f$ ??????? ????? ??????? ? $\varphi$ ????? ?????? ???? (????? $W$ ?? $\phi$ ^[??] ???? ???????) ? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? :

\varphi =h\,f_{0},

????? $f_{0}$ ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? (???????? Threshold Frequency) ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? :

K_{\max }=h\left(f-f_{0}\right).

????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????-????????? ?????? ???? $f>f_{0}$ ???? ?????? ? ^[??]

$E_{k_{max}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv_{m}^{2}$ ???-?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????;

????? m ??????? ?????????? ????????; v _m ??????? ?????????? ??? ? ^[??]

????????? ???? [ ???????? ]

???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????-????????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? (P) ???? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ???????????? ??? (Q) ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ; ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ??? P ? Q ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?

????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? Q ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??’??? Q ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? (???????? Saturation Current)? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???????/????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?

?????? Q ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???-??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???-??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? (???????? Stopping Potential) ???? ???????????? ?

?. ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?

?. ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???-??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? $K_{\max }$ ?? ??????? ? ??? q _e ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ? $V_{0}$ ????????? ???? ???, ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? : $q_{e}V_{0}$ ? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????, ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?

q_{e}V_{0}=K_{\max }

?????? ??????????? ????? ???????

K_{\max }=h\left(f-f_{0}\right),

????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?

???? ????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

?????? ???????? ????-????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?

?. ?????????-????????? ?????? (???????? Inner photoelectric effect)

?. ?????????? ????????

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????-???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?

???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????, ????????????? ????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?

???	????????? / ?????	????-????????? ???????????? ????? / ???????? ??
?????? ???????
????	????????????? ??????? ??????????	??????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ????-????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?
????	?????? ??????	????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????-????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?
	?????? ??????? (???? - ????) ?????? ??????? (???? - ????)	???????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????-????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?
????	????????? ?????	????-????????? ??????, ????????-???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? “????????? ???? ????????” ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????, ??? ? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?
?????? ????	????????????? ??????????	?? ??? ????? ????-????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????-????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????-????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?
????	??. ??. ??????	???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? “????????????” ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?
???? ???????
????	?????? ????????	????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????
????	?????? ????????	????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?
????	??????? ??????????	????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ? ????-????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?
????	?????? ??????????? ????????	???? ????????? ???-?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?

??????? ??? ???? ?????? [ ???????? ]

?. ????-???? (???????? Photomultiplier)?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?

?. ??? ??????? (???????? Image Sensors) ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????-????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?

?. ????-??? ??????????????? (???????? Gold-leaf Electroscope) ?????-???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????-????????? ?????? ??? ????

?. ???-?????????? ???????????????? (???????? Photoelectron spectroscopy)

?. ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?

???? [ ???????? ]

↑ Serway, R. A. (1990). Physics for Scientists & Engineers (3rd ed.). Saunders . p. 1150. ISBN 0-03-030258-7 .
↑ ^?.? ^?.? Sears, F. W.; Zemansky, M. W.; Young, H. D. (1983). University Physics (6th ed.). Addison-Wesley . pp. 843?844. ISBN 0-201-07195-9 .
↑ Hertz, H. (1887). "Ueber den Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung" [On an effect of ultra-violet light upon the electrical discharge]. Annalen der Physik . 267 (8): S. 983?1000. Bibcode : 1887AnP...267..983H . doi : 10.1002/andp.18872670827 .
↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921" . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2013-03-16 .
↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923" . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .
↑ Lenard, P. (1902). "Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung". Annalen der Physik . 313 (5): 149?198. Bibcode : 1902AnP...313..149L . doi : 10.1002/andp.19023130510 .
↑ Millikan, R. (1914). "A Direct Determination of " h ." ". Physical Review . 4 (1): 73?75. Bibcode : 1914PhRv....4R..73M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.4.73.2 .
↑ Millikan, R. (1916). "A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck's " h "" (PDF) . Physical Review . 7 (3): 355?388. Bibcode : 1916PhRv....7..355M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.7.355 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-21 . Retrieved 2017-09-10 .
↑ Zhang, Q. (1996). "Intensity dependence of the photoelectric effect induced by a circularly polarized laser beam". Physics Letters A . 216 (1?5): 125. Bibcode : 1996PhLA..216..125Z . doi : 10.1016/0375-9601(96)00259-9 .
↑ Mee, C.; Crundell, M.; Arnold, B.; Brown, W. (2011). International A/AS Level Physics . Hodder Education . p. 241. ISBN 978-0-340-94564-3 .
↑ ^??.? ^??.? Fromhold, A. T. (1991). Quantum Mechanics for Applied Physics and Engineering . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 5?6. ISBN 978-0-486-66741-6 .

???????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

AstronomyCast " http://www.astronomycast.com/2014/02/ep-335-photoelectric-effect/ ". AstronomyCast.
Nave, R., " Wave-Particle Duality ". HyperPhysics.
" Photoelectric effect ". Physics 2000. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
ACEPT W3 Group, " The Photoelectric Effect ". Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
Haberkern, Thomas, and N Deepak " Grains of Mystique: Quantum Physics for the Layman ". Einstein Demystifies Photoelectric Effect , Chapter 3.
Department of Physics, " The Photoelectric effect Archived 2009-08-01 at the Wayback Machine . ". Physics 320 Laboratory, Davidson College, Davidson.
Fowler, Michael, " The Photoelectric Effect ". Physics 252, University of Virginia.
Go to " Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light Archived 2014-11-21 at the Wayback Machine . " to read an English translation of Einstein's 1905 paper. (Retrieved: 2014 Apr 11)
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Solar-Cells.html
Photo-electric transducers: http://sensorse.com/page4en.html

Applets

" Photoelectric Effect ". The Physics Education Technology (PhET) project. (Java)
Fendt, Walter, " The Photoelectric Effect Archived 2005-11-02 at the Wayback Machine . ". (Java)
" Applet: Photo Effect Archived 2010-03-14 at the Wayback Machine . ". Open Source Distributed Learning Content Management and Assessment System. ( Java )

?????:Photovoltaics ?????:Footer energy ?????:Einstein

[serway_1-1] Serway, R. A. (1990). Physics for Scientists & Engineers (3rd ed.). Saunders . p. 1150. ISBN 0-03-030258-7 .

[SZY843-4-2] ?.? ^?.? Sears, F. W.; Zemansky, M. W.; Young, H. D. (1983). University Physics (6th ed.). Addison-Wesley . pp. 843?844. ISBN 0-201-07195-9 .

[Hertz1887-3] Hertz, H. (1887). "Ueber den Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung" [On an effect of ultra-violet light upon the electrical discharge]. Annalen der Physik . 267 (8): S. 983?1000. Bibcode : 1887AnP...267..983H . doi : 10.1002/andp.18872670827 .

[4] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921" . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2013-03-16 .

[5] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923" . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015-03-29 .

[Ref_Lenard-6] Lenard, P. (1902). "Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung". Annalen der Physik . 313 (5): 149?198. Bibcode : 1902AnP...313..149L . doi : 10.1002/andp.19023130510 .

[Ref_Millikan-7] Millikan, R. (1914). "A Direct Determination of " h ." ". Physical Review . 4 (1): 73?75. Bibcode : 1914PhRv....4R..73M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.4.73.2 .

[8] Millikan, R. (1916). "A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck's " h "" (PDF) . Physical Review . 7 (3): 355?388. Bibcode : 1916PhRv....7..355M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.7.355 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-21 . Retrieved 2017-09-10 .

[Zhang1996-9] Zhang, Q. (1996). "Intensity dependence of the photoelectric effect induced by a circularly polarized laser beam". Physics Letters A . 216 (1?5): 125. Bibcode : 1996PhLA..216..125Z . doi : 10.1016/0375-9601(96)00259-9 .

[10] Mee, C.; Crundell, M.; Arnold, B.; Brown, W. (2011). International A/AS Level Physics . Hodder Education . p. 241. ISBN 978-0-340-94564-3 .

[Fromhold1991-11] ??.? ^??.? Fromhold, A. T. (1991). Quantum Mechanics for Applied Physics and Engineering . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 5?6. ISBN 978-0-486-66741-6 .

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