?????

????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ( ????? : ГУЛАГ; Главное управление лагерей; ?????????? ????????? ^[?]^[?]^[?]) ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ^[?]

?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ^[?] ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????-??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ^{[
????? ???? ?????
]} ???????? ??? ???.

????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? (????????? ?????????) ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????. ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???.

?????? ??? ????? [ ?????? ]

^ " Introduction: Stalin’s Gulag ." GULAG: Soviet Labor Camps and the Struggle for Freedom . US: Center for History and New Media , George Mason University . Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ " Gulag ." History.com . A&E Networks . 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: A History. Doubleday, 2003, pp. 50.
^ Remnick, David (April 14, 2003). "Seasons in Hell" . The New Yorker . March 27, 2017 ???? ?????? .
^ Applebaum, Anne . 2017. " Gulag: An Introduction ." Victims of Communism . Archived from the original on September 5, 2017.

[1] " Introduction: Stalin’s Gulag ." GULAG: Soviet Labor Camps and the Struggle for Freedom . US: Center for History and New Media , George Mason University . Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[2] " Gulag ." History.com . A&E Networks . 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

[3] Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: A History. Doubleday, 2003, pp. 50.

[4] Remnick, David (April 14, 2003). "Seasons in Hell" . The New Yorker . March 27, 2017 ???? ?????? .

[5] Applebaum, Anne . 2017. " Gulag: An Introduction ." Victims of Communism . Archived from the original on September 5, 2017.

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