????
|
???
|
??????
|
??????
|
1901
|
|
???? ?????? ??? ?????????
|
???????
|
"???? ??????? ??????????????????????"
[3]
|
1902
|
|
??????? ????
|
?????????
|
"??????? ????????????????????? ??????????????"
[4]
|
1903
|
|
????? ????????? ??????
|
???????????
|
"??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????"
[5]
|
1904
|
|
???? ???????????? ?????????
|
????
|
"???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????"
[6]
|
1905
|
|
???????? ????
|
???????
|
"???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????"
[7]
|
1906
|
|
?????? ?????
|
??????
|
"?????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????????"
[8]
|
|
?????????? ????? ????
|
???????
|
1907
|
|
????? ?????? ??????? ???????
|
???????
|
"??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????"
[9]
|
1908
|
|
???? ??????????? ????????????
|
????
|
"?????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????"
[10]
|
|
??? ??????????
|
???????
|
1909
|
|
???? ??????? ???????
|
????????????????
|
"???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????"
[11]
|
1910
|
|
????????? ???????
|
???????
|
"?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? "
[12]
|
1911
|
|
???? ????????????
|
??????
|
"for his work on the
dioptrics
of the
eye
"
[13]
|
1912
|
|
????????? ????
|
???????
|
????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ????????????????
[14]
|
1913
|
|
????? ???????? ??????
|
???????
|
??????????? ??????????? ???????????
[15]
|
1914
|
|
???????? ?????
|
?????
/
????????
|
???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????
[16]
|
1915
|
????????? ????
|
1916
|
1917
|
1918
|
1919
|
|
????? ?????????
|
??????
|
???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????
[17]
|
1920
|
|
?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????
|
???????????
|
????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????
[18]
|
1921
|
????????? ????
|
1922
|
|
??????????? ?????? ???
|
?????????
|
????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????????
[19]
|
|
????? ?????????? ????????
|
???????
|
????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????
[19]
|
1923
|
|
????????? ????????
|
????
|
???????
??????????????
[20]
|
|
??? ?????? ????????? ?????????
|
?????????
|
1924
|
|
???????? ?????????
|
????????????
|
?.??.??. ?????????????? "
[21]
|
1925
|
????????? ????
|
1926
|
|
????????? ??????????
|
???????????
|
"for his discovery of the
Spiroptera carcinoma
"
[22]
|
1927
|
|
??????? ?????? ?????
|
????????
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of
malaria
inoculation
in the treatment of
dementia paralytica
"
[23]
|
1928
|
|
????? ????? ?????? ???????
|
???????
|
????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????
[24]
|
1929
|
|
???????????? ??????????
|
????????????
|
??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????
[25]
|
|
??
?????????? ??????? ?????????
|
?????????
|
?????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ????????????"
[25]
|
1930
|
|
??? ?????????????
|
????????
|
?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????
[26]
|
1931
|
|
????? ???????????? ???????
|
???????
|
???????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????
[27]
|
1932
|
|
??
????? ???????? ????????
|
?????????
|
????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????????
[28]
|
|
?????? ?????? ????????
|
?????????
|
1933
|
|
????? ????? ?????
|
????????
|
?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????
[29]
|
1934
|
|
????? ???? ???????
|
????????
|
????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????????
[30]
|
|
????? ????????? ????????
|
????????
|
|
?????? ???? ????
|
????????
|
1935
|
|
????? ???????
|
???????
|
??????????? ????????? ????????????????
[31]
|
1936
|
|
??
?????? ??????? ?????
|
?????????
|
??????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????
[32]
|
|
????? ????
|
???????
1903:
????????
1946:
????????
|
1937
|
|
???????? ?????? ?????
|
?????
|
????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????
[33]
|
1938
|
|
?????? ???????
|
??????
|
?????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????
[34]
|
1939
|
|
?????? ????????
|
???????
|
"for the discovery of the
antibacterial
effects of
prontosil
"
[35]
|
1940
|
????????? ????
|
1941
|
1942
|
1943
|
|
??? ?????? ???????? ???
|
???????????
|
"????? ?? ????????????????"
[36]
|
|
???????? ???????? ??????
|
????????
|
"????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????????"
[36]
|
1944
|
|
????? ????????
|
????????
|
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single
nerve fibres
"
[37]
|
|
????????? ??????? ????
|
????????
|
1945
|
|
??
?????????? ????????
|
?????????
|
"????????? ????????????????"
[38]
|
|
?? ?????? ?????
|
???????
/
?????????
|
|
??
??????? ??????? ??????
|
??????????
/
?????????
|
1946
|
???????:Hermann Joseph Muller.jpg
|
?????? ????? ??????
|
????????
|
"for the discovery of the production of
mutations
by means of
X-ray
irradiation
"
[39]
|
1947
|
|
??? ??????????? ????
|
?????????????????
/
????????
|
"??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????"
[40]
|
|
??????? ????? ????
|
?????????????????
/
????????
|
|
??????? ????????? ????
|
????????
|
"?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????"
[40]
|
1948
|
|
??? ?????? ??????
|
????????????????
|
"??. ??. ????. ??????????????"
[41]
|
1949
|
|
??????? ??????? ????
|
????????????????
|
"???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????????"
[42]
|
|
????????? ??????
|
?????????
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of
leucotomy
in certain psychoses"
[42]
|
1950
|
|
?????? ????????? ??????
|
????????
|
"??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????"
[43]
|
???????:Edward Calvin Kendall nobel.jpg
|
???????? ?????? ??????
|
????????
|
|
???????? ???????????
|
???????
/
????????????????
|
1951
|
|
?????? ????
|
??????????????
/
????????????????
|
"?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????"
[44]
|
1952
|
|
?????? ??????? ?????????
|
????
, 1916:
????????
|
"????????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????????"
[45]
|
1953
|
|
????? ?????? ????????
|
?????? ???????
/
?????????
|
"???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????"
[46]
|
|
?????????? ???????? ???????
|
?????? ???????
/
????????
|
"??-????? ? ??????????????"
[46]
|
1954
|
|
??? ??????????? ?????????
|
????????
|
"?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????"
[47]
|
|
????????? ??????? ???????
|
????????
|
???????:Thomas Huckle Weller.jpg
|
????? ?????? ??????
|
????????
|
1955
|
|
????? ?????? ??????? ???????
|
??????
|
"????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????"
[48]
|
1956
|
|
??????? ?????????? ???????
|
???????
, 1941:
????????
|
"???????????? ?????????????? ??????????????"
[49]
|
|
????? ?????????
|
?????? ???????
|
|
????????? ???????????
|
????????
|
1957
|
|
?????? ????????
|
????????????????
/
??????
|
"??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????"
[50]
|
1958
|
???????:George Wells Beadle.jpg
|
????? ????? ?????
|
|
????????
|
"for their discovery that
genes
act by regulating definite chemical events"
[51]
|
???????:Edward Lawrie Tatum nobel.jpg
|
???????? ???? ????????
|
????????
|
|
?????? ?????????
|
????????
|
"??????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????"
[51]
|
1959
|
???????:Severo Ochoa nobel.jpg
|
?????? ??????
|
???????
/
????????
|
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of
ribonucleic acid
and
deoxyribonucleic acid
"
[52]
|
|
???? ????????
|
????????
|
1960
|
|
??
???????? ??????????? ????????
|
??????????
|
"for discovery of acquired
immunological tolerance
"
[53]
|
|
?????? ?????? ??????
|
??????
/
?????????
|
1961
|
|
????? ??? ?????
|
?????
|
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the
cochlea
"
[54]
|
1962
|
|
????????? ???? ?????????? ????????
|
?????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of
nucleic acids
and its significance for information transfer in living material"
[55]
|
|
??????? ???? ??????
|
????????
|
|
?????? ????????
|
????????????
/
?????????
|
1963
|
???????:Eccles lab.jpg
|
??
??? ???? ????????
|
??????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the
nerve
cell membrane
"
[56]
|
|
??? ?????? ?????? ???
|
?????????
|
|
?????? ??????? ???????
|
?????????
|
1964
|
|
??????? ??????
|
?????? ???????
/
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the
cholesterol
and
fatty acid
metabolism
"
[57]
|
|
??????? ????
|
?????? ???????
|
1965
|
|
????????? ???????
|
???????
|
"for their discoveries concerning
genetic control of enzyme
and
virus synthesis
"
[58]
|
|
??????? ????
|
???????
|
|
??????? ??????
|
???????
|
1966
|
|
?????? ????
|
????????
|
"for his discovery of
tumour
-inducing
viruses
"
[59]
|
???????:Charles Brenton Huggins nobel.jpg
|
????? ??. ??????
|
????
/
????????
|
"for his discoveries concerning
hormonal treatment
of
prostatic cancer
"
[59]
|
1967
|
|
?????? ??????????
|
?????????
1940:
??????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the
eye
"
[60]
|
|
????? ???? ??????? ???
|
????????
|
|
????? ?????
|
????????
|
1968
|
???????:Robert W. Holley nobel.jpg
|
???????? ????
|
????????
|
"for their interpretation of the
genetic code
and its function in
protein synthesis
"
[61]
|
|
?? ???????? ?????
|
??????
1966:
????????
|
|
????? ?????????
|
????????
|
1969
|
|
?????? ???????????
|
?????? ???????
/
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of
viruses
"
[62]
|
|
???????? ?????
|
|
????????
|
|
??????? ?????
|
??????
/
????????
|
1970
|
|
??????? ????? ????
|
????????
|
"??????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? "
[63]
|
|
???? ??? ?????
|
??????
|
|
??
?????? ????????
|
?????? ???????
1941:
?????????
|
1971
|
|
?? ???????. ??????????
|
????????
|
"???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????"
[64]
|
1972
|
|
??????? ??. ???????
|
????????
|
"?????????????? ?????? ??????????????"
[65]
|
|
?????? ??. ???????
|
?????????
|
1973
|
|
??? ??? ??????
|
????????
|
"?????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????"
[66]
|
|
??????? ??????
|
????????
|
|
?????????? ????????
|
????????????
|
1974
|
|
???????? ??????
|
???????
|
"?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????]]"
[67]
|
???????????? ?? ??????
|
???????
|
????? ?. ???????
|
???????
1952:
????????
|
1975
|
|
?????? ??????????
|
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between
tumour viruses
and the genetic material of the cell"
[68]
|
|
?????????? ????????
|
??????
/
????????
|
|
??????? ???????? ?????
|
????????
|
1976
|
|
??????? ???. ????????
|
????????
|
"???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? "
[69]
|
|
?????? ???????? ??????????
|
????????
|
1977
|
|
???? ?????????
|
???????
1965:
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the
peptide hormone
production of the
brain
"
[70]
|
|
?????? ?????? ????
|
????????
|
|
??????? ????
|
????????
|
"for the development of
radioimmunoassays
of
peptide hormones
"
[70]
|
1978
|
|
????? ????
|
????????????????
|
"for the discovery of
restriction enzymes
and their application to problems of
molecular genetics
"
[71]
|
|
?????? ??????
|
????????
|
|
????????? ?. ????????
|
????????
|
1979
|
|
??? ??. ???????
|
??????????????
1966:
????????
|
"for the development of
computer assisted tomography
"
[72]
|
|
???????? ??. ??????????
|
?????????
|
1980
|
|
????? ?????????
|
?????????
1943:
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined
structures on the cell surface
that regulate
immunological reactions
"
[73]
|
|
??? ????????
|
???????
|
|
????? ??. ?????
|
????????
|
1981
|
|
???? ??????
|
????????
|
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the
cerebral hemispheres
"
[74]
|
|
?????? ?????. ??????
|
????
|
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the
visual system
"
[74]
|
|
????????? ??. ????
|
??????
|
1982
|
|
????? ????????????
|
??????
|
"for their discoveries concerning
prostaglandins
and related biologically active substances"
[75]
|
|
????? ?. ???????
|
??????
|
|
??? ??. ?????
|
?????????
|
1983
|
|
????? ?????????????
|
????????
|
"for her discovery of
mobile genetic elements
"
[76]
|
1984
|
|
????? ??. ???
|
???????????
|
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the
immune system
and the discovery of the principle for production of
monoclonal antibodies
"
[77]
|
|
????? ??. ???. ????
|
?????? ???????
|
|
???? ??????????
|
????????
|
1985
|
|
??????? ???. ?????
|
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of
cholesterol
metabolism
"
[78]
|
|
????? ??. ????????????
|
????????
|
1986
|
|
????????? ????
|
????????
;
|
"for their discoveries of
growth factors
"
[79]
|
|
????? ????
|
??????
/
????????
|
1987
|
???????:Tonegawa (2).jpg
|
?????? ???????
|
??????
|
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of
antibody
diversity"
[80]
|
1988
|
|
??
??????? ???????. ??????????
|
?????????
|
"??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????"
[81]
|
|
????????? ???????. ?????
|
????????
|
|
????? ?????. ??????????
|
????????
|
1989
|
|
??. ??????? ?????
|
????????
|
"????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????"
[82]
|
|
??????? ?. ??????
|
????????
|
1990
|
|
????? ?. ????
|
????????
|
"?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????"
[83]
|
?. ???? ?????
|
????????
|
1991
|
|
????? ????
|
???????
|
"?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????"
[84]
|
|
??????? ?????????
|
???????
|
1992
|
|
???????? ?????. ????
|
????????????????
/
????????
;
|
"??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????????"
[85]
|
|
?????? ??. ????????
|
????????
|
1993
|
|
????????? ??. ????????
|
?????????
|
"?????????? ?????? ??????????????"
[86]
|
|
???????? ?. ?????
|
????????
|
1994
|
|
??????? ??. ??????
|
????????
|
"??-???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????"
[87]
|
|
???????? ???????
|
????????
|
1995
|
|
???????? ??. ??????
|
????????
|
"??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????"
[88]
|
|
????????????? ?????????-????????
|
???????
|
|
????? ???. ??????
|
????????
|
1996
|
|
?????? ??. ?????????
|
??????????
|
"?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????????"
[89]
|
|
????? ??. ??????????
|
????????????????
|
1997
|
|
????????? ??. ????????
|
????????
|
"???????????? ????????????"
[90]
|
1998
|
|
???????? ??????????
|
????????
|
"????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????????"
[91]
|
|
???? ??. ???????
|
????????
|
|
?????? ??????
|
????????
|
1999
|
|
????? ????
|
???????
1987:
????????
|
"???????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????"
[92]
|
2000
|
|
?????? ?????
|
??????
|
"?????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????]]"
[93]
|
|
??? ??????????
|
????????
|
|
????? ??. ??????
|
????????
|
2001
|
|
???????? ?????. ??????????
|
????????
|
"?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????"
[94]
|
|
??. ???????? ?????
|
?????????
|
|
Sir
??? ??. ?????
|
?????????
|
2002
|
|
?????? ???????
|
|
??????????????
|
"??????????????????????? (Programmed Cell Death) ???????? ?????????????????'"
[95]
|
|
?????. ???????? ???????????
|
????????
|
|
??? ?. ????????
|
?????????
|
2003
|
|
??? ????????
|
????????
|
"??. ??. ?. ?????????? ????????????????"
[96]
|
|
Sir
?????? ??????????
|
?????????
|
2004
|
|
????????? ?????
|
????????
|
"??????????? ??????????? ????????????????"
[97]
|
|
???? ??. ?????
|
????????
|
2005
|
|
???? ??. ?????
|
??????????
|
"?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????
???????????????? ??????
???? ??????????????? ????????????"
[98]
|
|
??. ????? ????
|
??????????
|
2006
|
|
?????? ???
|
????????
|
"??. ??. ?. ??????????? ??????????????"
[99]
|
|
???????? ??. ??????
|
????????
|
2007
|
|
????? ??????????
|
??????
/
????????
;
|
"??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????."
[100]
|
|
Sir
???????? ??????
|
?????????
|
|
????? ??????????
|
?????????
/
????????
|
2008
|
|
?????? ??? ????
|
???????
|
"??????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????"
[101]
|
|
??????
|
???????
|
"??????? ????????? ????????????"
[101]
|
|
???????? ????????????
|
???????
|
2009
|
|
??????? ?????. ???????????
|
????????
??????????
|
"???????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????"
[102]
|
|
Carol W. Greider
|
????????
|
|
Jack W. Szostak
|
????????
|
2010
|
|
Robert G. Edwards
|
?????????
|
"or the development of in vitro fertilization"
[103]
|
2011
|
|
Bruce A. Beutler
|
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
[104]
|
|
Jules A. Hoffmann
|
???????
|
|
Ralph M. Steinman
|
????????
|
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity""
[104]
|
2012
|
|
[Sir John B. Gurdon]]
|
England
|
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
[105]
|
|
Shinya Yamanaka
|
??????
|
2013
|
|
James E. Rothman
|
????????
|
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
[106]
|
|
Randy W. Schekman
|
????????
|
|
Thomas C. Sudhof
|
????????
|
2014
|
|
John O'Keefe
|
????????
Engalnd
|
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
[107]
|
|
May-Britt Moser
|
Norway
|
|
Edvard I. Moser
|
Norway
|
2015
|
|
William C. Campbell
|
ireland
????????
|
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
[108]
|
|
Satoshi ?mura
|
Japan
|
|
Youyou Tu
|
china
|
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"
[108]
|
2016
|
|
???????? ?????
|
??????
|
?????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????????
?????????????
???????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????.
[109]
|