???????? (????????)

??????????? ????????????? ???????? ( ???? : ????????? ‬ , Hashimites House of Hashim ) ??????????????????. 1921 ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? (1916?1925), ????? (1920), ????? (1921?1958) ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????. ????????? ?????? (Sharifian Solution) ????? ? ???????? ????????????.

???????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ^[1]. ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????????. ????????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????????????. ^[2]^[3]

???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? 1908-? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ???????????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? 1916 ? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????????? . ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 1921-? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ "The Hashemites" . King Abdullah II Official Website . Retrieved 2019-08-29 .
↑ "Shi?ites in Arabia" . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2019-08-29 . The Zaydi denomination of the (?asanid) Sharifian rulers of Mecca and the Im?mi-Shi?i leanings of the (?osaynid) emirs of Medina were well known to medieval Sunni and Shi?i observers. This situation gradually changed under Mamluk rule (for the development over several centuries, up to the end of the Mamluk period, see articles by Mortel mentioned in the bibliography below). A number of Shi?ite and Sunnite sources hint at (alleged or real) sympathy for the Shi?a among the H?shemite (officially Sunni) families of the ?ej?z, or at least some of their members
↑ Curatola, Giovanni (2007). The Art and Architecture of Mesopotamia . Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-0921-4 .

??????????? [ ????????? ]

Strovolidou, Emilia. "A young Palestinian law student's long journey to integration" . UNHCR . Cyprus: Hsahemite young boy.
Lawrence, T. E. (2000). Seven Pillars of Wisdom . Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-119208-6 .
McNamara, Robert (2010). The Hashemites: The Dream of Arabia . Haus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907822-35-3 .
Shlaim, Avi (1988). Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist movement and the partition of Palestine . Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-827831-3 .
Allawi, Ali A. (2014). Faisal I of Iraq . Yale University Press. pp. 1?. ISBN 978-0-300-19936-9 .
Paris, Timothy J. (23 November 2004). Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule: The Sherifian Solution . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-77191-1 .
Rudd, Jeffery A. (1993). Abdallah bin al-Husayn: The Making of an Arab Political Leader, 1908?1921 (PDF) (PhD). SOAS Research Online. pp. 45?46 . Retrieved 12 June 2019 .
Uzuncar?ılı, ?smail Hakkı (2003). Ashr?f Makkat al-Mukarramah wa-umar??ih? f? al-?ahd al-?Uthm?n? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (in ??????). Translated by Mur?d, Khal?l ?Al? (1st ed.). Beirut: al-D?r al-‘Arab?yah lil-Maws?‘?t.
al-Sib?‘?, A?mad ibn Mu?ammad A?mad (1999) [1419 AH (1998/1999)]. T?r?kh Makkah ????? ??? (in ??????). al-Am?nah al-‘?mah lil-i?tif?l bi mur?r mi’ah ‘?m ‘ala ta’s?s al-Mamlakah al-‘Arab?yah al-Su‘?d?yah.
Da?lan, A?mad Zayn? (2007) [1887/1888]. Khul??at al-kal?m f? bay?n umar?’ al-Balad al-?ar?m ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? (in ??????). D?r Ar? al-?aramayn.
Teitelbaum, Joshua (2001). The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850654605 .

[1] "The Hashemites" . King Abdullah II Official Website . Retrieved 2019-08-29 .

[2] "Shi?ites in Arabia" . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2019-08-29 . The Zaydi denomination of the (?asanid) Sharifian rulers of Mecca and the Im?mi-Shi?i leanings of the (?osaynid) emirs of Medina were well known to medieval Sunni and Shi?i observers. This situation gradually changed under Mamluk rule (for the development over several centuries, up to the end of the Mamluk period, see articles by Mortel mentioned in the bibliography below). A number of Shi?ite and Sunnite sources hint at (alleged or real) sympathy for the Shi?a among the H?shemite (officially Sunni) families of the ?ej?z, or at least some of their members

[3] Curatola, Giovanni (2007). The Art and Architecture of Mesopotamia . Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-0921-4 .

[1]

[2]

[3]