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??????:
Animalia
Phylum:
????????
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Felidae
Genus:
Panthera
Species:
P. leo
Binomial name
Panthera leo
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( Linnaeus , 1758)
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Synonyms
Felis leo
( Linnaeus , 1758)

??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? . (????????: Lion. ????????????? ?????? ???? ). ???? ??????? (Big Cats) ???????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????. 272 ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????. 10000 ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? [2] . ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????.

??????? ???????????? 10 ???? 14 ???? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? 20 ???? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ?????????????, ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ????????????? (Lioness) ???????????????? (Cub) ????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????. ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? (Apex Predator) ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????, ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ??????????????????.

????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ( ???? ???????? ). ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? 30% ???? 50% ??? ??????????????? [1] . ????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????. ???? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???????????????????? ???????????????? ???. ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????????????????. ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????. ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????.

??????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????????. ?????????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????. ???????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????? ???? ??????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????.

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??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? 3.5 ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????????????. ??????????????????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? 1.5 ??????? ???? ??????????????. [3]

??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????, ?????? , ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????.????? ???? ?????? 1.9 ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????????.??????? ??????? ?????????????? 1.25 ??????? ???? ???????. [4] ?????? ???? ?????? ????? 1 ??????? ?????????? 80,000 ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????. [5] 70,000 ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????(Panthera leo fossilis) ???? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ???? ????? (Cave lion) ?????? ???? ????????(Panthera leo spelaea) ?????????????? ??????.???????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????(Panthera leo atrox) ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????. [6] ?????? 10,000 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. [7]

?????????????????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ????????????? ??????????? 12 ???????????? ?????????????????????.?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????. [8] ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????????. [9] ????? ?????? 8 ?????????????? ???????????????????? [10] [11] ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. [10]

??????????? ???? ??????????? [ ????????? ]

??????????????? ????????? ?????-??. ??. ???????????

????? ?????????? 8 ???????????????

  • ??. ??. ???????? (P. l. persica) - ??????????? ????? , ??????? ????? , ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????.????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? 300 ????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????????????. ?? ?????????? 160-190kg ??? ?????? 240-198.5cm ?????? 89-107cm ??? ????????? ???????? . ???????? 97.3-138kg ?????? ?????? 235-262cm ?????? . [12]
  • ??. ??. ???? (P. l. leo) - ?????? ????? ?????????????????. ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? 3 ???? 3.5 ??????? ??? ?????? 300 ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? .????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????. ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????????, ??????????? 1922? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????. [13]
  • ??. ??. ???????????? (P. l. senegalensis) - ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????.????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????????.?????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????.???????? ??????? 190????????? ???? ????????
  • ??. ??. ?????? (P. l. azandica) - ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????. ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????.
  • ??. ??. ??????????? (P. l. bleyenberghi) - ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????.??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? , ????? , ??? (??????) ?????????????? ?????????????.?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????. ??????? 270????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????
  • ??. ??. ??????? (P. l. krugeri) - ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????.????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? .??????? ???? 250????????? ???.
  • ??. ??. ???????? (P. l. melanochaita) - ???? ????? ?????????????????.1860? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????????? ??????????.

??????????? ????????????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?? ???? ????????????.

  • ??. ??. ????????? (P. l. atrox) - ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????.????????????? ???????????(?????? 10,000 ???? ?????) ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????????????. ???? ??????????????? ?????? ??? 2.5 ?????? ??? ???? ???????????. [14]
  • ??. ??. ???????? (P. l. fossilis) - ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? (Early Middle Pleistocene primitive cave lion) ?????????????????. ?????? 50,000 ???? ??????? ?? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????.
????????? ??????????? ?????????????
  • ??. ??. ???????? (P. l. spelaea) - ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????.?????????? 30,000 ???? ????? ???? 10,000 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????????. [11] ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????. [15] ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ?????. [16]
  • ??. ??. ??????????? (P. l. vereshchagini) - ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????.??????(????), ??????(????????), ?????(????) ?????????????? ??????????????. ??????????????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????????. [17] [11]

?????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? [ ????????? ]

  • ??.??. ?????????? (P. l. sinhaleyus) - ????????? ????? ?????????????????. 39000 ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????????????? ????? ???????????????. [18]
  • ??. ??. ???????? (P. l. europaea) - ???????? ????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????????????. ????.?? 100? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????????. ????, ????????, ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????????? ? ????????.????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.
  • ??. ??. ??? (P. l. youngi) - ????????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????????????.350,000 ???? ??????? ?? ???????????????. [19]
  • ??. ??. ??????????? (P. l. maculatus) - ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????.???????????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????????????. 1931? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????.

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2017 ?? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????.

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[13] [20] ??? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ???????????? ??? ?????????? 5 ???? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????, 7 ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????????????.


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?????????? ???????????? 150 ????????? ???? 225 ????????? ??? ????????????, ????????????? 120 ???? 150 ????????? ????????? ???? .?????? ???????? ????? 181 ??????????? ???????? 126 ??????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? 272 ????????? ?????????????????. ???? 5 ??? 7 ????? ???? 8 ??? 2 ?????(170-250 ??.??) ??? ??????, 4 ??? 7 ????? - 5 ??? 9 ?????(140-175 ??.??) ??? ????????? ??????????. ???? ????? 4 ??????(123 ??.??)???????? 3 ??? 3 ?????(100 ??.??) ?????????.?????? 70 ???? 100 ??.?? ??? ???? ??????????????.

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?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????????. ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????. [21]

?? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? , ??????, ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????????.?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????. [22] ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????????. [23]

??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????????. [22] ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????????. ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [24]

?? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????.???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????????????????? ???????????????????. [16]

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Wiktionary
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????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????. ???????????? 59????/???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? [25] ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????, [26] ??????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????. 30 ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????????. ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????. [27] ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????.

???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??????????? ?????????????? , ?????? , ????? , ???????????? , ???????????(Warthog) ????????? ????????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ????????????????? ???????? , ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ???? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????. [28] ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????.???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? [29] [30] ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????. [31]

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  • തിരുവനന്തപുരം മൃഗശാലയിലെ സിംഹങ്ങൾ
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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nowell & Bauer (2004). Panthera leo . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is vulnerable
  2. ↑ The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion
  3. ↑ Werdelin, Lars (2005). "Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . The Linnean Society of London. 144 (2): 121?144. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2007-07-08 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  4. ↑ Yu, Li (2003). "Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 35 (2): 483?495. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  5. ↑ Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): a review". Journal of Zoology . 263 (4): 329?42. doi : 10.1017/S0952836904005242 . ISSN   1469-7998 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  6. ↑ Turner, Allen (1997). The big cats and their fossil relatives : an illustrated guide to their evolution and natural history . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN   0-231-10229-1 .
  7. ↑ Harington, CR (1996). "American Lion" . Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre website . Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre. Archived from the original on 2004-12-10 . Retrieved 2007-09-22 .
  8. ↑ Barbary Lion - Panthera leo leo - Largest Lion Subspecies Retrieved on 19 September , 2007
  9. ↑ Grisham, Jack (2001). "Lion". In Catherine E. Bell (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Wolrd's Zoos . Vol. Volume 2: G?P. Chofago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. pp.733?739. ISBN 1-57958-174-9 . {{ cite encyclopedia }} : |pages= has extra text ( help ) ; |volume= has extra text ( help )
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Barnett, Ross (2006). "Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo : Implications for its ex situ conservation". Conservation Genetics . 7 (4): 507?514. doi : 10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Burger, Joachim; et al. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea " (PDF) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 30 (3): 841?849. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-09 . Retrieved 2007-09-20 . {{ cite journal }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  12. ↑ Wildlife Conservation Trust of India (2006). "Asiatic Lion - History" . Asiatic Lion Information Centre . Wildlife Conservation Trust of India. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18 . Retrieved 2007-09-15 .
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nowell K, Jackson P (1996). "Panthera Leo". Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF) . Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17?21. ISBN   2-8317-0045-0 . {{ cite book }} : line feed character in |title= at position 50 ( help )
  14. ↑ Martin, P.S. (1984). Quaternary Extinctions . Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. ISBN   0-8165-1100-4 .
  15. ↑ Packer, Craig (November 2000). "When Lions Ruled France" (PDF) . Natural History : 52?57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25 . Retrieved 2007-08-27 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 (in German) Koenigswald, Wighart von (2002). Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel . Stuttgart: Theiss. ISBN   3-8062-1734-3 .
  17. ↑ Baryshnikov, G.F. (2001). "The Pleistocene cave lion, Panthera spelaea (Carnivora, Felidae) from Yakutia, Russia". Cranium . 18 (1): 7?24. {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
  18. ↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Rajith Dissanayake, Madhava Meegaskumbura (2005). "A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" (PDF) . The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement . National University of Singapore. 12 : 423?434. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-07 . Retrieved 2007-07-31 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  19. ↑ Harington, CR (1969). "Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat ( Panthera atrox ) from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska". Canadian Journal Earth Sciences . 6 (5): 1277?88.
  20. ↑ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   0-8018-5789-9 .
  21. ↑ Trivedi, Bijal P. (2005). "Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?" . National Geographic . Retrieved 2007-07-07 .
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 West, Peyton M. (2002). "Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane". Science . 297 (5585): 1339?1343. doi : 10.1126/science.1073257 . {{ cite journal }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )
  23. ↑ Trivedi, Bijal P. (Aug 22, 2002). "Female Lions Prefer Dark-Maned Males, Study Finds" . National Geographic News . National Geographic . Retrieved 2007-09-01 .
  24. ↑ Menon, Vivek (2003). A Field Guide to Indian Mammals . Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India. ISBN   0-14-302998-3 .
  25. ↑ Schaller, p. 233
  26. ↑ Schaller, p. 247?8
  27. ↑ Dr Gus Mills. "About lions - Ecology and behaviour" . African Lion Working Group. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31 . Retrieved 2007-07-20 .
  28. ↑ "African Lion Hunting Habits in South Africa and Southern Africa" . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored ( |access-date= suggested) ( help )
  29. ↑ Kemp, Leigh. "The Elephant Eaters of the Savuti" . go2africa. Archived from the original on 2007-10-19 . Retrieved 2007-11-29 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |accessmonthdate= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored ( |access-date= suggested) ( help )
  30. ↑ Whitworth, Damien (October 9, 2006). "King of the jungle defies nature with new quarry" . The Australian. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27 . Retrieved 2007-07-20 .
  31. ↑ Pienaar U de V (1969). "Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park". Koedoe . 12 : 108?76.
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