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https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder

?????? Gaius Plinius Secundus
Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th-century portrait. No contemporary depiction of Pliny is known to survive.
????	AD 23 Comum (Como), Italy , Roman Empire
????	???????? 25, 79 (?????? 55–56) Stabiae , Campania , Roman Empire
??? ?????	Died in the eruption that destroyed Pompeii
???????? ????????????	By friends, under the pumice
???????	Roman
????????????	Rhetoric, grammar
?????	Lawyer, author, natural philosopher, military commander, provincial governor
????????????? ????	Naturalis Historia
????????????(??)	None
????????	None
???????????(?)	Celer and Marcella
?????????	Sister (Plinia), nephew ( Pliny the Younger )

?????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? . Pliny The Elder. ?????? ???? : ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ??????????????? ( ???????????? ???????????? ) ???? ????? 37 ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? 24993 ???????????? ?????. ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? (Pliny The younger) ???????????????.

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?????????? ? ?????? ????????????. ??? ?????????????? ??????????.

????.?. 23 ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???????????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????. ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????.

????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? (???????????? ?????????????????????) ???????????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????. ???????? ???????, ?????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????. 2000 ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? 20000 ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????? 36 ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????.

???????????? 77???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????. ^[1]

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1. ↑ ??. ?????????? (2002). ???????????????? ?????????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ^{[ ???????????????? ????? ]}

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• Beagon, Mary (translator) (2005). The elder Pliny on the human animal: Natural History, Book 7 . Oxford University press. ISBN   0-19-815065-2 . {{ cite book }} : |author= has generic name ( help )
• Carey, Sorcha (2006). Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural history . Oxford University press. ISBN   0-19-920765-8 .
• Griffin, Miriam Tamara (1992). Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics (reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-814774-9 .
• Roy K. Gibson and Ruth Morello (ed.), Pliny the Elder: Themes and Contexts (Leiden, Brill, 2011) (Mnemosyne supplements. Monographs on Greek and Roman Language and Literature, 329).
• Healy, John F. (1999). Pliny the Elder on science and technology . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-814687-6 .
• Isager, Jacob (1991). Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art . London & New York: Routledge. ISBN   0-415-06950-5 .
• Murphy, Trevor (2004). Pliny the Elder's Natural History: the Empire in the Encyclopedia . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-926288-8 .
• Ramosino, Laura Cotta (2004). Plinio il Vecchio e la tradizione storica di Roma nella Naturalis historia (in Italian ). Alessandria: Edizioni del'Orso. ISBN   88-7694-695-0 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
• Syme, Ronald (1969). "Pliny the Procurator". In Department of the Classics, Harvard University (ed.). Harvard studies in classical philology (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. pp.  201 ?236. ISBN   978-0-674-37919-0 .

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plinius maior .

• Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine . High resolution images of works by Pliny the Elder in .jpg and .tiff format.

???????? ??????????? [ ????????? ]

• Pliny the Elder. "Pliny the Elder: the Natural History" (in Latin and English). University of Chicago . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
• Pliny the Elder (1855). "The Natural History" . Taylor and Francis; Tufts University: Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )
• Fisher, Richard V. "Derivation of the name 'Plinian' " . University of California at Santa Barbara: The Volcano Information Center.
• C. Suetonius Tranquillus (1914). "The Life of Pliny the Elder" . Loeb Classical Library. {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( help )

??????? ??????????? [ ????????? ]

• Lendering, Jona (1996?2009). "Pliny the Elder (1)" . Livius Articles on Ancient History . Retrieved 15 May 2009 .
• Lendering, Jona (1996?2009). "Pliny the Elder (2)" . Livius Articles on Ancient History . Retrieved 15 May 2009 .
• Pearse, Roger (2013). "The manuscripts of Pliny the Elder" . Tertullian.org . Retrieved 22 June 2013 .

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