?????? ?????

???????????, ??? ????????? ???????????.
?????? ?????
???? ??????? 16 , 1854
അയർലാന്റിന്റെ കൊടി ?????? , ?????????
???? ????? 30 , 1900 , ?????? 46
ഫ്രാൻസ് ?????? , ???????
????? ?????????? , ??????????? , ???
?????? ?????

?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ( ??????? 16 , 1854 ? ????? 30 , 1900 ) ??? ????? ???????????? , ?????? , ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? [1] , [2] . ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? [3] , [4] . ?????? ????? ??? ?????????????????????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. [5] ? ???? ???? ????? 46-?? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????????.

???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????????. ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????. [6] . ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? [7] .

???????? [ ????????? ]

????, ???????????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????(Speranza) ???? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? 1854,??????? 16-?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. [8] , [9] ?????? ???? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????.

????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ‘?? ???????? ??????’ ???? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????. ?? ???????? ???????????????? 1879 -? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????????????????????? ????????????.

????????????? [ ????????? ]

???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????. 1880-? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????????. 1881-? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????????. 1882 -? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????? [10] .

??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. 1889-?? ??????

????????????? ?????? ??????? (1888), ????? ???? ??????? ????? (1891), ? ???? ??? ?????????????? (1891) ????? ???????????????, 1891-? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ? ???????????? ???????????????????, ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???, ? ???? ??? ?? ????????????, ?? ????? ???????, ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????????????????? ????? ???????????? ????1898-????.

?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, 1893-?? ??????

???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????????????? [11] , [12] .

?????????????? [ ????????? ]

??????, ??????? [ ????????? ]

1884-? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. 1885-? ??????? 1886-? ???????? ???????.

???????? ???????? ?????? - ???? [ ????????? ]

???????????????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? 1888-???? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? , ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? [13] , [14] . ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? [15] . ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? [16] , [17] .

???? ??????? ?????? - ???? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????? : For Oscar Wilde posing somdomite ???? ??????????

1891 ????????, ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? [18] , [19] . ????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????. ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????. [20] [21] , [22] . ?????????? ??????, ????????? ??? ??????????, ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? [23] . ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? [24] , [25] . ????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? 1895-? ?????, ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????.

????????? ???? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ??????????????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????? [26] . ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????. [27] , [28] .

?????? ????? ??????????????. 1895-?? ????????? ??????

????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ( gross indecent acts) ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? [29] . ???? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????????????????. ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????? [30] . ???????????????? ?????, ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ????????????? ??? ???????.??? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ( ?? ????? ) ???? ???????, ????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ????????? [31] . ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????????????? [32] . ??? ???????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? [33] . 1895 ?? 25-?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? [34] .

??????? - ????????? C.3.3 [ ????????? ]

????????????? ????????( 1895 ??- ????) ??????????? ??????????? ( 1895???? -??????) ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????? 1895 ?????? ???? 1897 ?? 19-?? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ????? C.3.3. ???? ????????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????????????.

?????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????.

???????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????????????. ???????????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? [35] .

?? ?????????? (????????????? ??????) [ ????????? ]

1897 ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????. ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????? ?????????????? [36] . ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? . [37] ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????????. ?? ?????????? , ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? 1905-? ???? ? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? [38] . ??????? ??? ???????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????????????. [39] .

????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

1897 ?? 19-?? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? [7] . ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? [40] . ???????? ??????? ?????????????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????.

1898 ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? [41] .

?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? [ ????????? ]

??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? [42] , [43] . 1898 ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????????. ????? ??????????? ???? C.3.3. ?????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. 1899-? ???? ??????? ??????? C.3.3. ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? [44] .

??????? [ ????????? ]

????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? [45] . 1900 ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????. ????????, ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????. [46]

"?????????? ??????????? ??????" [ ????????? ]

???????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???? ??????????????????. [47] ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. 1885-?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????? [48] , [49] . ???????? ?????? ????, ?? ????????????? ??? ?????.??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ??? ????? ?????????????, ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? (The Love that dare not speak its name) ?????? [31] . ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? [50] .

????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????????????????????. [51] . ??? ?????????? ???.?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????. [52]

2017-? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? 2017 ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????????. [53] , [54] . ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????????,1952-? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????????? [55] .

?????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

???? [ ????????? ]

???? [ ????????? ]

  • ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? (1888)
  • ?? ????????????? ??? ???????. ??? (1889)
  • ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? (1891)
  • ???? ??? ????????????? (????) (1891)

???????? [ ????????? ]

  • ???? (1880)
  • ? ?????? ??? ?????(1883)
  • ???? ??????????? ??? (1892-3)
  • ????? (1891 ??????? , 94 (????????))
  • ? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? (1893)
  • ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? (1894)
  • ?? ????? ??????? (1895)
  • ??????????? ??????? (?????????? 1908-? ????????)

?????? [ ????????? ]

  1. ↑ Beckson, Karl. "Oscar Wilde, Biography, Books, Facts" . britannica.com . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-05-16 .
  2. ↑ Gide, Andre; Blei, Franz; Juenesse, Ernest (1905). In Memoriam, Oscar Wilde . Greenwich Conn: The Literary Collection.
  3. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (2010). Nothing...Except My Genius: The Wit and Wisdom of Oscar Wilde . UK: Penguin Classics. ISBN   978-0141192680 .
  4. ↑ Leach, Maria, ed. (2016). The Wicked Wit of Oscar Wilde . London, UK: Michael O'Mara (Reprint). ISBN   978-1782435426 .
  5. ↑ H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared not Speak its Name; p.5
  6. ↑ Holland, Vyvyan (1999). Son of Oscar Wilde . New York: Publisher: Carroll & Graf. ISBN   978-0786707010 .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt,Brace & World INC. 1962. p. 566.
  8. ↑ Hyde, H Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. pp.  25 -26.
  9. ↑ Complete Works of Oscar Wilde . Vyvyan Holland (Introduction). Glasgow: Harper Collins. 1994. p. 7. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link )
  10. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. pp. 42?45.
  11. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1993). The Picture of Dorian Gray . Publisher: Dover Publications. pp.  1 (Preface). ISBN   978-0486278070 .
  12. ↑ Mason, Stuart (1908). Oscar Wilde: Art and Morality . London: J. JACOBS, EDGWARE ROAD, W.
  13. ↑ Borland, Maureen (1990). Wilde's devoted friend: a life of Robert Ross . Lennard. ISBN   1-85291-085-2 .
  14. ↑ Pearson, Hesketh (1919). The Life of Oscar Wilde . pp. 372?78.
  15. ↑ Pearson, Hesketh (1919). The Life of Oscar Wilde . pp. 353?371.
  16. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1994). Complete Works of Oscar Wilde . Glasgow: HarperCollins. p. 5. ISBN   9876543210 .
  17. ↑ "Rober Ross" . venn.lib.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2020-05-14 .
  18. ↑ Hyde, H Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. p. 48.
  19. ↑ Hart-Davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt,Brace & World. p. 281.
  20. ↑ "Four Letters of Oscar Wilde to Alfred Douglas" . oscarwilde.org.uk . Retrieved 2020-04-27 .
  21. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1994). "Essays, Selected journalism, Lectures and Letters: "De Profundis" ". Complete Works of Oscar Wilde . Harper Collins. pp. 980?1059.
  22. ↑ Hart-Davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World INC. pp. 326, 336, 362?3, 393, 396?398, 423?4.
  23. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. p. 62.
  24. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. pp. 76?78.
  25. ↑ Har-Davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt, Brace& World. pp. 384 (Letter to Robert Ross ).
  26. ↑ Hyde, H.Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. pp. 82?90.
  27. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1973). The Trials of Oscar Wilde (Unabridged edition) . London: Dover Publications. ISBN   978-0486202167 .
  28. ↑ Merkler, Benjamin (2010-01-02). "I Will Take Your Answer One Way or Another" The Oscar Wilde Trial Transcripts as Literary Artefacts" (PDF) . Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg . Retrieved 2020-04-27 .
  29. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. pp.  323 -327.
  30. ↑ Hart-Davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 394 (footnote1).
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Douglas, Alfred. "Two Loves" . poets.org . Retrieved 2010-05-02 .
  32. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publishers. pp. 150?273.
  33. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The trials of Oscar Wilde . New York. pp.  170 -200. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link )
  34. ↑ The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt,Brace & World. 1962. p. 389.
  35. ↑ Hart-davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World INC. pp. 515, 542.
  36. ↑ Hart-davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World INC. pp.  423 (footnote), 512. {{ cite book }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: | https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225943/page/n3/mode/1up= ( help )
  37. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1966). The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde . Glasgow: HarperCollins. pp. 911?12. ISBN   9876543210 .
  38. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1905). De Profundis . New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  39. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1966). Complete Works of Oscar Wilde . Glasgow: HarperCollins. pp. 980?1059. ISBN   9876543210 .
  40. ↑ Hart-davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt,Brace & World INC. p. 582.
  41. ↑ Hart-davis, Rupert, ed. (1962). The Letters of Oscar Wilde . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World INC. pp.  729 -730.
  42. ↑ Wilde, Oscar (1910). The Ballad of Reading Gaol . New York: Duffield &Co.
  43. ↑ La Jeunesse, Ernest; Gide, Andre; Blei, Franz (1905). In Memoriam: Oscar Wilde . Greenwich, Conn.: The Literary Collection Press. pp. 58?64.
  44. ↑ Ellmann, Richard (1988). Oscar Wilde . New York: Vintage Books. pp.  526 . ISBN   978-0-394-75984-5 .
  45. ↑ La Jeunesse, Ernest; Gide, Andre; Blei, Franz (1905). In Memoriam . Greenwich,Conn: The Literary Collection Press. pp. 70?71.
  46. ↑ Brouwer, Marilyn (2015-08-05). "Oscar Wilde's Tomb at Pere-Lachaise Cemetery" . Bonjour Paris . Retrieved 2020-05-07 .
  47. ↑ Gide,, Andre; Blei, Franz; La Jeunesse, Ernest (1905). Pollard, Percival (ed.). In Memoriam: Oscar Wilde . Greenwich, Connecticut: The Literary Collection Press. pp. 43?44. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link )
  48. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. p. 167.
  49. ↑ "The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885" . bl.uk . The British Library. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19 . Retrieved 2020-05-02 .
  50. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1962). The Trials of Oscar Wilde . New York: Dover Publications. pp.  201 .
  51. ↑ "The Phrase Finder" . phrases.org.uk . Retrieved 2020-05-02 .
  52. ↑ Hyde, H. Montgomery (1970). The Love that dared not speak itsName : A candid History of Homosexuality in Britain (First publication as "The Other Love" ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  53. ↑ "Turing's Law: Oscar Wilde among 50,000 convicted gay men granted posthumous pardons" . The Daily Telegraph. 2017-01-31 . Retrieved 2020-05-02 .
  54. ↑ "Alan Turing Law: Thousands of gay men pardoned" . bbc.com . 2016-10-20 . Retrieved 2020-05-04 .
  55. ↑ Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The enigma . Priceon: Princeton University Press. pp.  471 . ISBN   978-0-691-15564-7 .

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