?????????

???????? ??????

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia

????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? (????? ????) ???? ????????? . ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????. ? ??????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????; ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????????. ???????????? ???????? ??????? 1,99,300 ?. ??. ??. ???. ^[1]

?. ??. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????; ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ? ????????? ????????????. ? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????????????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????????. ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????????????????? ^[2]

????? ???????????? [ ????????? ]

????????? [ ????????? ]

???????????? ????--????????????? ?????????????? ?????? 900-1500 ??. ?????????.?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????.??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ??? ????, ???????????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????????. ????? ???????? ???? (3,919 ??.) ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????.????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????-?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????.???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????; ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??.??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????; ????? ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???????????. ^[3]

??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????; ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????.?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????.

?????????? [ ????????? ]

??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? (????????-???????) ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????. ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (continental drift) ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????????.???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????.?????????? ????????? (upheaval) ???????? ????????????? ????????????????????.???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????????.???????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????(folding)???????? ????????????? ???????(ridges) ????????????????????????.????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????????????.??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????.? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????.????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????; ?????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????.

??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????.????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????.????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????.???? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? (Mud volcano) ?????? ?????????????. ^[4]

????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????????.?????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????.???????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????, ??? ???????? ????? -- ????????????? ??????, ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? -- ???????? ????????????????.????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????????????.???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? (internal drainage) ??? ???????????. ^[5]

???????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????.?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????.????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????.?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????.?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????.??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????.?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????; ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ^[6]

?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????; ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????????; ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????????.?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????.

?????????? ?????????????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ???--???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????.

???, ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????, ??????, ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????, ???????????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????. ???????? (Tree line) ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????, ????????, ?????, ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ????????, ???, ????, ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ^[7]

?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????--?????? ????????? ???????????--?????????? (?????-????????) ?????????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????--???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????; ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????. ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ^[8]

??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ^[9] ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. ????????????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????; ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????. ^[10] ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????. ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? (Vipera xanthina) ??????? ?????. ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ^[11]

????????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????

??????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ??. ??. 3000 ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??. ??. 2000 ??? 1200 ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????????. ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. ????????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????. ^[12]

?????????? ????????????? [ ????????? ]

(??. ??. 1850-1200). ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? (??. ??. 2500-1100) ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????. ??? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???. ??. ??. 15 ???? 13 ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ??. ??. 1882-? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???. ^[13]

????????, ?????????, ?????????????? ??????????? [ ????????? ]

???????????????? ?????????????? (??????? ???????? ????), ?????????????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????. ??.??. 7-? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. ^[14]

?????, ?????, ????? ??????????? [ ????????? ]

???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????? (??. ??. 700-550) ????? (?? ??. 4-? ?.) ????? (??.??. 5-? ?.) ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (Aeolic) ??????? (Ionic), ?????? (Doric) ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????. ??????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????. ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ^[15]

??????? ??????????????? [ ????????? ]

??. ??. 546-? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??. ??. 4-? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ????????????? ??? (??. ??. 323) ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. ?????????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ??. ??. 4-? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????. ????????? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????????????????????.

?????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? (?????????? ???????) ???????????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????? (??. ??. 1000-500) ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????????. ^[16]

????. ???????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

??. ??. 190-? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? III ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????????????? ????????. 1000 ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????. ??. ??. 133-? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ????????????? (??. ??. 131-63) ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? (??.??. 106-48) ??????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????. ^[17]

??????????? ?????????? (?. ??. ?. ??. 284-305) ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ???????? ???? (??????, ??????, ?????, ????????, ???????, ????????, (?????), ???????? (???????) ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????) ???????????????? ????????????. ?????????? ' ???? ???????????? ???' ?????? ??????? ' ???????? ????? ???????' ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????.

??????? ??????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

?. ??. 668-? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? 11-? ???????? (?. ??. 1071) ????????? ??????????. ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????????. 12-? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????. 15-? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????????. 1453-? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????. 15-? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????? .

???????? [ ????????? ]

?????? ???????????????? - ????? V ???? 459-463; ????????-?????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????, ?????????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

↑ http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/A/AsiaMino.html Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine . Asiaminor
↑ http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html History of Anatolia
↑ http://www.ancientanatolia.com/introduction.html GEOGRAPHY
↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22897/Anatolia/44369/Seljuq-expansion Antolia
↑ http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/geo/geo.htm#RIVERS Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine . Rivers of Anatholia
↑ http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/geo/geo.htm#CLIMATE Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine . Weather
↑ http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/med_chap_plant_page.htm Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Plants
↑ http://vets.com/questionmanager/encyclopaedia/ency1/B4.HTM Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine . Animals And Plants (F-G)
↑ http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ah224e/AH224E08.htm Sheep and goat in Asiaminor
↑ http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Animals/Other_animals.html Archived 2009-12-14 at the Wayback Machine . Important Animals (continued)
↑ http://www.rossparkzoo.com/animals/hedgehog.htm Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Binghamton Zoo Animals
↑ http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/tourism/what2do.html#ankara What 2 do What 2 see
↑ http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html ANCIENT ANATOLIA
↑ http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html Ancient History
↑ http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html Ancient History
↑ http://www.unrv.com/provinces/asia-minor.php Asia Minor
↑ http://www.unrv.com/empire.php Roman Empire

?????????????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

[1] ttp://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/A/AsiaMino.html Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine . Asiaminor

[2] ttp://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html History of Anatolia

[3] ttp://www.ancientanatolia.com/introduction.html GEOGRAPHY

[4] ttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22897/Anatolia/44369/Seljuq-expansion Antolia

[5] ttp://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/geo/geo.htm#RIVERS Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine . Rivers of Anatholia

[6] ttp://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/geo/geo.htm#CLIMATE Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine . Weather

[7] ttp://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/med_chap_plant_page.htm Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Plants

[8] ttp://vets.com/questionmanager/encyclopaedia/ency1/B4.HTM Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine . Animals And Plants (F-G)

[9] ttp://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ah224e/AH224E08.htm Sheep and goat in Asiaminor

[10] ttp://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Animals/Other_animals.html Archived 2009-12-14 at the Wayback Machine . Important Animals (continued)

[11] ttp://www.rossparkzoo.com/animals/hedgehog.htm Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Binghamton Zoo Animals

[12] ttp://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/tourism/what2do.html#ankara What 2 do What 2 see

[13] ttp://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html ANCIENT ANATOLIA

[14] ttp://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html Ancient History

[15] ttp://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html Ancient History

[16] ttp://www.unrv.com/provinces/asia-minor.php Asia Minor

[17] ttp://www.unrv.com/empire.php Roman Empire

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