En ku demen bere bi bir nayinin, mecbur in ku serpehatiyen bere dubare bikin.
[1]
?
George Santayana
Dirok
an ji
tarix
lekolina zanisti ya zemane bere ye
[2]
[3]
ku buyeren bere li gori konteksta
kronolojiye
u cavkaniyan bi sedem u neticeyen xwe bi awayeki rexneyi ten nirxandin.
[4]
Pisporen diroke
diroknas
(dirokzan, dirokvan) in. Diroknas di lekolina zemane bere de cavkaniyen tarixi yen weki belgeyen niviski, tecribeyen devki, ni?anen xwezayi u objeyen maddi weki berhemen
huneri
bi kar tinin.
[5]
Diroknas bi riya vegotinan hewl didin ku zemane bere fem bikin u pe?ke? bikin. Bi gelemperi li ser kijan vegotin buyereke heri ba? rave dike u li ser muhimiya sedem u neticeyen wan yen cuda niqa? dikin.
Herodot
, diroknaseki
yewnan
e sedsala 5an, di nav tradisyona rojavaye de wek "bave tarixe"
[6]
te nasin, tevi ku carinan je re "bave derewan" ji hatibe gotin.
[7]
Li gel
Tukudidesi
, wi bingehen lekolina tarixa mirovahiye ya modern damezrand.
Kelimeya "
dirok
" heri pe?i di salen 1930i de weki
neolojizmeke
ketiye
edebiyata kurdi
.
[8]
Du teori li ser
etimolojiya
ve kelimeye hene, li gori yeke ji wan kelimeya
dirok
ji gotina "dur" te ku di hin devoken kurmanci de wek "dir" yan "dwir" te gotin.
[9]
Teoriya din bawer e ku "
dirok
" ji gotina "
cirok
" hatiye.
[10]
Kelimeya "
histori
" di gelek
zimanen ewropi
de hem te maneya diroke u hem ji ciroke.
[11]
Dema diroknas zemane bere izah dikin u tarixe dinivisin, carcoveya dema xwe u fikren serdest en we deme ber bi cav digirin. Carinan ji ji bo ku civaka xwe dersan peyda bikin dinivisin. Bi hilberina vegotin u analizkirina buyeren bere yen tekildari mirovahiye di zanista diroke de "vegotina rast a zemane bere" te cekirin.
[12]
Disiplina diroke ya modern ji bo cekirina ve vegotine hewl dide.
Adeten, diroknasan buyeren bere yan bi niviski yan ji bi devki tomar kirine u hewl dane ku bi riya lekolina belgeyen niviski u vegotinen devki cewaba pirsen tarixi bidin. Ji destpeke ve diroknas cavkaniyen weki abide, kitabe u resman ji bi kar anine. Bi gelemperi, cavkaniyen tarixi dikarin di nav se kategoriyan de werin veqetandin: en hatine nivisandin, en ku hatine gotin u en ku hatine parastin. Diroknas bi gelemperi her seyan didin ber cavan.
[13]
Le nivis ni?anek e ku diroke ji
pe?diroke
vediqetine.
Tarixa cihane hemu bira tecrubeyen
Homo sapiens sapiens
en bere ye, ku ew tecrube bi pirani di qeyden niviski de hatine parastin. Le bele pe?dirok di deveren ku li wir qeyden niviski yan kultura nivisine hin tinebu dikole.
[14]
Bi xwendina nigar, resm, neq? u objeyen din en huneri re, mirov dikare hin agahi li ser jiyana beri nivisandine ji peyda bike.
Diroknivisi yan historiografi te cend maneyen ku tekildari hev in.
[15]
Ya yekem, te maneya dirok cawa hatiye hilberandin: ciroka pe?xistina
metodoloji
u pratikan (nimune, cuyina ji vegotina biyografik a demkurt ber bi analizeke tematik a demdirej). Ya duyem, te maneya ci ti?t hatine hilberandin: be?eke taybet a nivisandina diroke (nimune, "Diroknivisiya
caxa navin
di salen 1960i de" de te maneya "Berhemen diroka caxa navin en di salen 1960i de hatine nivisandin").
[15]
Ya seyem, te maneya cima dirok te hilberandin:
felsefeya diroke
.
Rebaza diroki ji wan teknik u regezan pek te ku
diroknas
ji bo lekoline u pa?e ji ji bo nivisandina diroke
jederen pileya yekem
u delilen din bi kar tinin.
Herodot
(484 b.z. ? nez.?425 b.z.)
[16]
bi gelemperi weki "bave diroke" te pejirandin. Le bele
Thukidides
(nez.?460 b.z. ? nez. 400 b.z.) kese yekem e ku di xebata xwe ya bi nave
History of the Peloponnesian War (Diroka ?ere Peloponnesi)
de rebazeke diroki ya pe?keti bi kar aniye. Berevajiya Herodoti, Thukididesi dirok weki encama bijarde u kiryaren mirovan hesiband, u li sedem u encamen buyeran neri.
[16]
Di destpeka serdema navin de
Augustinus
li ser ramana
xiristiyani
u ewropayi bibandor bu. Di serdema navin u
ronesanse
de dirok bi nerineke dini dihat lekolandin. Li dora 1800an, filozof u diroknase alman
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
awireke laik, u felsefeye ani xebaten diroki.
[17]
Diroknas u
civaknase
ereb
Ibn Xeldun
di pe?gotina pirtuka xwe ya
Muqadime
(1377) de diqate dane heft xeletiyen ku li gori wi diroknasan gelek caran dikirin. Di ve rexneya xwe de, Xelduni gotiye rabori ti?teki eceb u hewcedara ?irovekirine ye. Xelduni digot ku dive nirxandina materyaleke diroki li gori cudahiya candi ya serdema xwe were pekanin, dive ji bo nirxandine hin prensib werin bijartin, u di dawiye de, ji bo ku candeke raboriye binirxinin dive hewcedariya tecrubeyan u herwiha prensiben maqul hebin. Ibn Xelduni gelek caran "xurafeyen batil u pejirandina daneyen diroki beyi tenkide" rexne kiriye. Di encame de Xelduni rebazeke zanisti ya lekolina diroke pe?ke? kiriye u bi gelemperi je re "zanista min a nu" gotiye.
[18]
Rebaza wi ya diroke bingehek ji bo cavderikirina rola
dewlet
, ragihandin,
propaganda
u pe?hikuma sistematiki amade kiriye.
[19]
Lewra ew weki "bave diroknivisine"
[20]
[21]
an "bave felsefeya diroke" te hesibandin.
[22]
Li Ewropaye, diroknas di sedsalen 17 u 18an de, nemaze li Fransa u Almanyaye, rebazen nujen en diroknasiye bi pe? xistin. Di xebaten nujen de pirsen li jer en ku ji aliye Gilbert J. Garraghan u Jean Delanglez ve wek rexneya cavkaniye hatiye pe?ke?kirin
[23]
ten bikaranin:
- Kengi
jeder hatiye nivisandin an hilberandin (tarix)?
- Li ku dere
hatiye hilberandin (heremikirin)?
- Ji hela ke ve
hatiye cekirin (niviskari)?
- Ji kijan materyala
bere
heyi
hatiye hilberandin (analiz)?
- Di kijan forma orijinal de
hatiye hilberandin (yekpareyi)
- Nirxa e?kere
ya naveroka we ci ye (pebaweri)?
Car ji yen pe?in weki rexneya bilind; pencem, rexneya jerin; u bi hev re weki rexneya derveyi ten zanin. Ji lepirsina ?e?em u ya dawin a derbare cavkaniyeke de re rexneya navxweyi te gotin. Bi hev re ev lepirsin weki rexneya cavkaniye te zanin. Rexneya cavkaniye (an nirxandina agahiye) pevajoya nirxandina kaliteyen cavkaniyeke agahiye ye, weki rasti, pebaweri u pewendiya we bi mijara di bin lepirsine re.
Ji ber ku dirok zanisteke pir berfire ye
Ji ber ku dirok zanisteke pir berfireh e, piraniya diroknasan u berhemen wan li ser be?eke diroke radiwestin.
Dirok dikare li ser van be?an were parvekirin:
[
cavkani hewce ye
]
- kronoloji (li gor
serdeman
yan
deme
)
- cografi (li gor hereman)
- welati (li gor welatan an dewletan)
- neteweyi (li gor gelan an miletan)
- mijari (li gor mijareke)
- Ev gotar ji agahiyen naveroka
ve guhertoya
gotara wekhev
a
Wikipediyaya ingilizi
pek te.
- ^
George Santayana, "The Life of Reason", Volume One, p. 82, BiblioLife,
ISBN
978-0-559-47806-2
- ^
"History Definition"
. Ji
orijinale
di 2 sibat 2014 de hat ar?ivkirin
. Roja gihi?tine 21 kanuna pa?in 2014
.
- ^
"What is History & Why Study It?"
. Ji
orijinale
di 1 sibat 2014 de hat ar?ivkirin
. Roja gihi?tine 21 kanuna pa?in 2014
.
- ^
"History | discipline"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
(bi ingilizi)
. Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2021
.
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Arnold, John H. (2000).
History: A Very Short Introduction
. New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
019285352X
.
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Halsall, Paul.
"Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Herodotus"
.
Internet History Sourcebooks Project
. Fordham University. Ji
orijinale
di 27 ciriya pa?in 2020 de hat ar?ivkirin
. Roja gihi?tine 3 kanuna pe?in 2020
.
- ^
Vives, Juan Luis; Watson, Foster (1913).
Vives, on education : a translation of the De tradendis disciplinis of Juan Luis Vives
. Robarts - University of Toronto. Cambridge : The University Press.
- ^
Hassanpour, Amir (1992).
Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985
. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press. r. 432.
ISBN
0-7734-9816-8
.
OCLC
25317598
.
The coined work
meju
'history' (replacing the Arabic loanword
tarix
) dislodged the rival coinage
dirik/dirok
and gained currency in Sorani due to its use in the book (
dirok
is, however, used in Kurmanji because it appeared in Kurmanji literature of Syria in the 1930s and 1940s).
- ^
Tigris, Amed.
"Etimolojiya peyva dirok u meju"
.
e-weje.com
. Ji
orijinale
di 28 adar 2017 de hat ar?ivkirin
. Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2021
.
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Muhammed, Husein.
"Rehnas - dirok"
.
zimannas.com
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orijinale
di 2 heziran 2021 de hat ar?ivkirin
. Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2021
.
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Ferrater-Mora, Jose.
Diccionario de Filosofia
. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.
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Whitney, William Dwight (1889).
The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language
(bi ingilizi). Century Company.
- ^
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ISBN
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(bi ingilizi). Orion.
ISBN
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.
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a
b
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di 27 kanuna pa?in 2021 de hat ar?ivkirin
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a
b
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University of Oxford
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Ibn Khaldun
, Franz Rosenthal, N.J. Dawood (1967),
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.
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Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez
A Guide to Historical Method
p. 168
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