Dirok

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Ji Wikipediya, ensiklopediya azad.
Herodot (neziki ?484 b.z ? neziki?425 b.z.), gelek caran wek "bave diroke" te nasin

En ku demen bere bi bir nayinin, mecbur in ku serpehatiyen bere dubare bikin. [1]

? George Santayana

Dirok an ji tarix lekolina zanisti ya zemane bere ye [2] [3] ku buyeren bere li gori konteksta kronolojiye u cavkaniyan bi sedem u neticeyen xwe bi awayeki rexneyi ten nirxandin. [4] Pisporen diroke diroknas (dirokzan, dirokvan) in. Diroknas di lekolina zemane bere de cavkaniyen tarixi yen weki belgeyen niviski, tecribeyen devki, ni?anen xwezayi u objeyen maddi weki berhemen huneri bi kar tinin. [5]

Diroknas bi riya vegotinan hewl didin ku zemane bere fem bikin u pe?ke? bikin. Bi gelemperi li ser kijan vegotin buyereke heri ba? rave dike u li ser muhimiya sedem u neticeyen wan yen cuda niqa? dikin.

Herodot , diroknaseki yewnan e sedsala 5an, di nav tradisyona rojavaye de wek "bave tarixe" [6] te nasin, tevi ku carinan je re "bave derewan" ji hatibe gotin. [7] Li gel Tukudidesi , wi bingehen lekolina tarixa mirovahiye ya modern damezrand.

Etimoloji [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Kelimeya " dirok " heri pe?i di salen 1930i de weki neolojizmeke ketiye edebiyata kurdi . [8] Du teori li ser etimolojiya ve kelimeye hene, li gori yeke ji wan kelimeya dirok ji gotina "dur" te ku di hin devoken kurmanci de wek "dir" yan "dwir" te gotin. [9] Teoriya din bawer e ku " dirok " ji gotina " cirok " hatiye. [10] Kelimeya " histori " di gelek zimanen ewropi de hem te maneya diroke u hem ji ciroke. [11]

Tarif [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Wenenigariyeke Pirtukxaneya Iskenderiyeye

Dema diroknas zemane bere izah dikin u tarixe dinivisin, carcoveya dema xwe u fikren serdest en we deme ber bi cav digirin. Carinan ji ji bo ku civaka xwe dersan peyda bikin dinivisin. Bi hilberina vegotin u analizkirina buyeren bere yen tekildari mirovahiye di zanista diroke de "vegotina rast a zemane bere" te cekirin. [12] Disiplina diroke ya modern ji bo cekirina ve vegotine hewl dide.

Adeten, diroknasan buyeren bere yan bi niviski yan ji bi devki tomar kirine u hewl dane ku bi riya lekolina belgeyen niviski u vegotinen devki cewaba pirsen tarixi bidin. Ji destpeke ve diroknas cavkaniyen weki abide, kitabe u resman ji bi kar anine. Bi gelemperi, cavkaniyen tarixi dikarin di nav se kategoriyan de werin veqetandin: en hatine nivisandin, en ku hatine gotin u en ku hatine parastin. Diroknas bi gelemperi her seyan didin ber cavan. [13] Le nivis ni?anek e ku diroke ji pe?diroke vediqetine.

Dirok u pe?dirok [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  Gotara bingehin: Pe?dirok
Be?eke reze li ser
Diroka mirovahiye
u pe?dirok
↑ beri Homo    ( Epoka Pliosene )
Pe?dirok
( sistema se serdemi )
Serdema keviri
Paleolitik
Paleolitika jerin
Paleolitika navin
Homo sapiens en kevn
Paleolitika jorin
Neolitik
Dergu?a ?aristaniye
Protodirok
Kalkolitik
Serdema bronzi
Serdema hesini
Diroka nivisi
Serdema kevnare
Diroka nujen
↓ Siberoj    ( Epoka holosen )

Tarixa cihane hemu bira tecrubeyen Homo sapiens sapiens en bere ye, ku ew tecrube bi pirani di qeyden niviski de hatine parastin. Le bele pe?dirok di deveren ku li wir qeyden niviski yan kultura nivisine hin tinebu dikole. [14] Bi xwendina nigar, resm, neq? u objeyen din en huneri re, mirov dikare hin agahi li ser jiyana beri nivisandine ji peyda bike.

Diroknivisi [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Diroknivisi yan historiografi te cend maneyen ku tekildari hev in. [15] Ya yekem, te maneya dirok cawa hatiye hilberandin: ciroka pe?xistina metodoloji u pratikan (nimune, cuyina ji vegotina biyografik a demkurt ber bi analizeke tematik a demdirej). Ya duyem, te maneya ci ti?t hatine hilberandin: be?eke taybet a nivisandina diroke (nimune, "Diroknivisiya caxa navin di salen 1960i de" de te maneya "Berhemen diroka caxa navin en di salen 1960i de hatine nivisandin"). [15] Ya seyem, te maneya cima dirok te hilberandin: felsefeya diroke .

Rebazen diroki [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Rebaza diroki ji wan teknik u regezan pek te ku diroknas ji bo lekoline u pa?e ji ji bo nivisandina diroke jederen pileya yekem u delilen din bi kar tinin. Herodot (484 b.z. ? nez.?425 b.z.) [16] bi gelemperi weki "bave diroke" te pejirandin. Le bele Thukidides (nez.?460 b.z. ? nez. 400 b.z.) kese yekem e ku di xebata xwe ya bi nave History of the Peloponnesian War (Diroka ?ere Peloponnesi) de rebazeke diroki ya pe?keti bi kar aniye. Berevajiya Herodoti, Thukididesi dirok weki encama bijarde u kiryaren mirovan hesiband, u li sedem u encamen buyeran neri. [16]

Di destpeka serdema navin de Augustinus li ser ramana xiristiyani u ewropayi bibandor bu. Di serdema navin u ronesanse de dirok bi nerineke dini dihat lekolandin. Li dora 1800an, filozof u diroknase alman Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel awireke laik, u felsefeye ani xebaten diroki. [17]

Diroknas u civaknase ereb Ibn Xeldun di pe?gotina pirtuka xwe ya Muqadime (1377) de diqate dane heft xeletiyen ku li gori wi diroknasan gelek caran dikirin. Di ve rexneya xwe de, Xelduni gotiye rabori ti?teki eceb u hewcedara ?irovekirine ye. Xelduni digot ku dive nirxandina materyaleke diroki li gori cudahiya candi ya serdema xwe were pekanin, dive ji bo nirxandine hin prensib werin bijartin, u di dawiye de, ji bo ku candeke raboriye binirxinin dive hewcedariya tecrubeyan u herwiha prensiben maqul hebin. Ibn Xelduni gelek caran "xurafeyen batil u pejirandina daneyen diroki beyi tenkide" rexne kiriye. Di encame de Xelduni rebazeke zanisti ya lekolina diroke pe?ke? kiriye u bi gelemperi je re "zanista min a nu" gotiye. [18] Rebaza wi ya diroke bingehek ji bo cavderikirina rola dewlet , ragihandin, propaganda u pe?hikuma sistematiki amade kiriye. [19] Lewra ew weki "bave diroknivisine" [20] [21] an "bave felsefeya diroke" te hesibandin. [22]

Li Ewropaye, diroknas di sedsalen 17 u 18an de, nemaze li Fransa u Almanyaye, rebazen nujen en diroknasiye bi pe? xistin. Di xebaten nujen de pirsen li jer en ku ji aliye Gilbert J. Garraghan u Jean Delanglez ve wek rexneya cavkaniye hatiye pe?ke?kirin [23] ten bikaranin:

  1. Kengi jeder hatiye nivisandin an hilberandin (tarix)?
  2. Li ku dere hatiye hilberandin (heremikirin)?
  3. Ji hela ke ve hatiye cekirin (niviskari)?
  4. Ji kijan materyala bere heyi hatiye hilberandin (analiz)?
  5. Di kijan forma orijinal de hatiye hilberandin (yekpareyi)
  6. Nirxa e?kere ya naveroka we ci ye (pebaweri)?

Car ji yen pe?in weki rexneya bilind; pencem, rexneya jerin; u bi hev re weki rexneya derveyi ten zanin. Ji lepirsina ?e?em u ya dawin a derbare cavkaniyeke de re rexneya navxweyi te gotin. Bi hev re ev lepirsin weki rexneya cavkaniye te zanin. Rexneya cavkaniye (an nirxandina agahiye) pevajoya nirxandina kaliteyen cavkaniyeke agahiye ye, weki rasti, pebaweri u pewendiya we bi mijara di bin lepirsine re.

Zanisten alikar en diroke [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Senifandina be?en diroke [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ji ber ku dirok zanisteke pir berfire ye

Ji ber ku dirok zanisteke pir berfireh e, piraniya diroknasan u berhemen wan li ser be?eke diroke radiwestin.

Dirok dikare li ser van be?an were parvekirin: [ cavkani hewce ye ]

  • kronoloji (li gor serdeman yan deme )
  • cografi (li gor hereman)
  • welati (li gor welatan an dewletan)
  • neteweyi (li gor gelan an miletan)
  • mijari (li gor mijareke)

Cavkani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ev gotar ji agahiyen naveroka ve guhertoya gotara wekhev a Wikipediyaya ingilizi pek te.
  1. ^ George Santayana, "The Life of Reason", Volume One, p. 82, BiblioLife, ISBN   978-0-559-47806-2
  2. ^ "History Definition" . Ji orijinale di 2 sibat 2014 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 21 kanuna pa?in 2014 .
  3. ^ "What is History & Why Study It?" . Ji orijinale di 1 sibat 2014 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 21 kanuna pa?in 2014 .
  4. ^ "History | discipline" . Encyclopedia Britannica (bi ingilizi) . Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2021 .
  5. ^ Arnold, John H. (2000). History: A Very Short Introduction . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   019285352X .
  6. ^ Halsall, Paul. "Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Herodotus" . Internet History Sourcebooks Project . Fordham University. Ji orijinale di 27 ciriya pa?in 2020 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 3 kanuna pe?in 2020 .
  7. ^ Vives, Juan Luis; Watson, Foster (1913). Vives, on education : a translation of the De tradendis disciplinis of Juan Luis Vives . Robarts - University of Toronto. Cambridge : The University Press.
  8. ^ Hassanpour, Amir (1992). Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 . San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press. r. 432. ISBN   0-7734-9816-8 . OCLC   25317598 . The coined work meju 'history' (replacing the Arabic loanword tarix ) dislodged the rival coinage dirik/dirok and gained currency in Sorani due to its use in the book ( dirok is, however, used in Kurmanji because it appeared in Kurmanji literature of Syria in the 1930s and 1940s).
  9. ^ Tigris, Amed. "Etimolojiya peyva dirok u meju" . e-weje.com . Ji orijinale di 28 adar 2017 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2021 .
  10. ^ Muhammed, Husein. "Rehnas - dirok" . zimannas.com . Ji orijinale di 2 heziran 2021 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2021 .
  11. ^ Ferrater-Mora, Jose. Diccionario de Filosofia . Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.
  12. ^ Whitney, William Dwight (1889). The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language (bi ingilizi). Century Company.
  13. ^ Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. p. 201. ISBN   0-415-12346-1
  14. ^ Renfrew, Colin (20 kanuna pe?in 2012). Prehistory: The Making Of The Human Mind (bi ingilizi). Orion. ISBN   978-1-78022-581-4 .
  15. ^ a b "What is Historiography? ? Culturahistorica.org" . Ji orijinale di 27 kanuna pa?in 2021 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 20 kanuna pa?in 2021 .
  16. ^ a b Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.; Jeremy A. Sabloff (1979). Ancient Civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica . Benjamin-Cummings Publishing. r. 5. ISBN   978-0-88133-834-8 .
  17. ^ Graham, Gordon (1997). "Chapter 1". The Shape of the Past . University of Oxford .
  18. ^ Ibn Khaldun , Franz Rosenthal, N.J. Dawood (1967), The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History , p. x, Princeton University Press , ISBN   0-691-01754-9 .
  19. ^ H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", Cooperation South Journal 1 .
  20. ^ Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN   1-85065-356-9 .
  21. ^ Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works . The Other Press . r. v. ISBN   978-983-9541-53-3 .
  22. ^ Dr. S.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3).
  23. ^ Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez A Guide to Historical Method p. 168

Giredanen derve [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

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