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?am

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?am
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Şam
?am
Koordinat: 33°31′Bk 36°18′Rh  /  33.517°Bk 36.300°Rh  / 33.517; 36.300
Dewlet Suri , xelifeyen Ra?idun , Umayyad Caliphate, Aram-Damascus, Nabataeans, Imperatoriya Rome , Imperatoriya Bizanse , xanedana Ebasiyan , Imperatoriya Selcuqiyan , dewleta Memlukan , Imperatoriya Osmani , French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon  Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
Li be?a idari
  • Damascus Governorate (Sedsala 20an – )
  • Roman Syria (–194)
  • Syria Phoenice (194–630s)
  • Syria Vilayet (1865–1918)
  • Damascus Eyalet (1517–1865)  Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
Paytexta
  • Suri (1945–)
  • Umayyad Caliphate
  • Damascus Eyalet (1517–1865)
  • Syria Vilayet (1865–1918)
  • Damascus Governorate
  • Bilad al-Sham (636–940s)
  • State of Damascus
  • Syrian Federation (1923–1925)
  • State of Syria
  • Syrian Republic under French mandate
  • independent First Syrian Republic
  • Second Syrian Republic
  • Aram-Damascus  Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
Idari
 ? ?aredar Bishr Al Sabban  Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
Qada ruerde
 ? Gi?ti 105 km 2 (41 sq mi)
Bilindahi
680 m (2230 ft)
Nifus
2.584.771 (2023)  Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
Dem
Koda telefone 011  Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
Malper www .damascus .gov .sy/   Li ser Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre
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?am , Dime?q , yan ji Damaskus (bi  erebi : ???? ‎, lat.   Dime?k bi  erebi : ????? ‎, lat.   a?-??m ), bajar u paytexta heri kevin a cihane ye ku heta niha benavber buye cihware mirovan. [1] ?am niha paytexta Suriye ye. [2] Li bajer ereb , kurd u asur bi hev re dijin.

Hejmara ni?tecihen bajer bi fermi neziki 2,5 milyon kesan e. Bi tevahiya heremen bi ser bajer ve zedetiri 6 milyon kes li hereme dijin.

Bajer li ba?ure rojavaye Suriye ye u navenda heremeke mezin a metropole ye. Bajer nav qontaren rojhilate rezeciyayen Anti-Libnane de li ser de?tek ku 680 metre ji asta deryaye bilindtir e hatiye avakirin. Bajer 80 kilometre li rojavaye Deryaya Navin hatiye avakirin u ji ber bandora siya barane li ?ame avhewayek zuha derbas dibe. Ceme Baradaye di nava navenda bajare re derbas dibe.

?am yek ji kevintirin bajar e ku bi berdewami buye cihware mirovahiye. Bajer di hezarsala 3yem a beri zayine de bi cih buye, ji sala 661 heta 750an weke paytexta Xilafeta Emewiyan hatiye hilbijartin. Pi?ti serketina Xanedana Ebasiyan , desthilatdariya Islame ji ?ame derbase Bexdaye dibe. Bajer giringiya xwe di Serdema Ebasiyan winda dike u careke din disa di Serdema Eyubiyan u Memlukan de buye navendek giring a desthilatdariya Eyubiyan u Memlukan. Bajer niha navenda reveberiya navendi ya Suriye ye.

Taxa bajer a kevn ji aliye UNESCOye ve weki bermahiye mirovahiye te parastin. Peykereke imperatore kurd e serokatiya eyubiyan kiriye Selahedine Eyubi ji li bajer e.

Etimoloji [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Nave ?ame yekem car di lista erdnigari ya Thutmose III de weki tm?q (??????????) beri zayine di sedsala 15an de derketiye. Etimolojiya nave kevnar tm?q ne diyar e. Bi akadi nav weki Imeri?u (????), bi misiri tm?q (??????????), bi erebiya kevn Dama?q (????????) u weke Dammei?eq ji (????????) di ibraniya Incile de hatiye ditin. Di nivisen akadi yen sedsala 14em a bere zayine de nav weke Dimasqa (??????), Dima?qi (????????) ve Dima?qa (????????) hatiye ditin.

Pa?nivisen navi yen arami yen pa?in resh (bi gelemperi tipa r di peyve cih digire) dibe ku di bin bandora koka dr de maye ku te wateya "avahi" ye. Ji ber ve yeke, nave bajer bi ingilizi u latini Damascus e ku ji yewnani Δαμασκ?? hatiye derxistin u ji Darme?eq ya Qumrani (?????) u Darmsuq (??????) bi suryani" te wateya "erdeke avdaniya ba?", derketiye. [3] [4]

Bi erebi ji bajer re Dima?q (???? Dima?q) hatiye gotin. [5] Nave bajare ji aliye welatiyen ?ame, Suriye u ciranen ereben din ku li derveyi bajare dijin (e?-?am) weki a?-?am te zanin. A?-??m peyveke erebiye ku ji bo "?am" u ji bo "Suriye" ye hatiye bikaranin. Ya dawin u bi taybeti herema diroki ya Suriye, bi nave Bil?d a?-??m (???? ?????, welate ?ame ) hatiye binavkirin. Peyva pa?in ji hela etimolojik ve te wateya "welate mile cepe" yan ji "bakur" ku weki kesek li Hicaze ber bi rojhilat ve ku ber bi hilatina roje ve ye ku bakur ber bi cepe ve dibine. [6]

Erdnigari [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

?am li ciheki stratejik li ser de?teke 680 metre ji asta deryaye bilind e u bi qasi 80 kilometre dure Derya Navin hatiye avakirin ku ji aliye Ciyayen Anti-Libnane ve hatiye parastin. Ceme Baradaye di navenda bajer ve derbas dibe u bajer li xacereyek di navbera riyen bazirganiye de ye. Reya bakur-ba?ur Misire bi Asyaya Bicuk ve giredide u reya rojhilat-rojava Libnan bi geliye Ceme Firate ve gire dide. Rejeye lutkeyen ji 30.000 metreye zedetir in u barina ji Deryaya Navin asteng dike. Ji ber ve yeke herema ?ame carinan di bin ziwabune de ye. Lebele, di demen kevnar de ev yek ji hela Ceme Baradaye ku ji cemen ciyayan en ku ji berfe dihelin ve hatiye kem kirin. ?am ji aliye zeviyen candiniye yen avdani ku ji demen kevnar ve gelek sebze, dexl u feki le tene candin, hatiye dorpeckirin. Nex?eyen Suriye yen Romaye diyar dikin ku Ceme Baradaye li rojhilate ?ame diherike golen bicuk. Iro je re dibejin Bahira Atayba ku te wateya gola dudil.

Dimenek ji Ceme Baradaye, li keleka otela Four Seasons li navenda bajare ?ame ku demen Ceme Baradaye bilind dibe hatiye ki?andin.

Bajare kevn e ?ame ku bi diwaren bajer ve hatiye dorpeckirin, li perave ba?ure Ceme Baradaye ye ku cem li ve devere ziwa buye. Li ba?urerojhilat, bakur u bakurerojhilat ji hela deveren derbajari yen ku diroka wan vedigere heya Serdema Navin te dorpec kirin: Li ba?urerojavaye taxa Midan, li bakur u bakurerojavaye taxa Saruja u Imara hene. Van taxan bi di destpeke de li ser reyen ku ji bajer derdiketin, li nezi goren kesayeten dini hatine avakirin. Di sedsala 19an de gunden derdor li ser quntaren Cebel Qasiun ku ber bi bajar ve dicin, pe? ketin, bere cihe taxa el-Salihiyah bu ku navenda we li ser perestgeha giring a ?exe Endulusiya Serdema Navin u filozof Ibn Erebi ye. Ev taxen nu di destpeke de ji aliye le?keren kurd u penaberen misilman en ji heremen Ewropaye yen Imparatoriya Osmani yen ku ketibun bin desthilatdariya xiristiyanan, hatin bicihkirin. [7]

Ji dawiya sedsala 19an u pe ve navendek idari u bazirgani ya nujen dest pe kir ku li rojavaye bajare kevn, li derdora Ceme Baradaye ku navenda we li devera ku bi nave al-Marjeh an "merg" te zanin, vedibe. El-Merceh di demek kurt de dibe nave ku di destpeke de meydana navendi ya ?ame ya nujen bu ku qada bajer di nav de bu. Dadgehen dadweriye, postexane u stasyona trene hineki ber bi ba?ur ve li ciheki bilind rawestiyane. Caryeka ni?tecihbune ya Ewropi bi awayeki bilez dest pe kir ku li ser reya ku di navbera Merceh u el-Salihiye de hatiye avakirin. Navenda bazirgani u idari ya bajare nu hedi hedi ber bi bakur ve hineki ber bi ve devere ve hate veguhastin.

Avhewa [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ji ber bandora siya barane ya Ciyayen Anti-Libnane u herikina deryaye ya serdest e ?am di pergala Koppen-Geiger de ye u xwediye avhewayek hi?k a henik e. Di demsala havinan de germe zuha u ?ilahiya hewaye kem e. Zivistan henik u hineki bi baran e u barina berfe kem e. Payiz kurt u sivik e le guheztina germahiyen havinan ji ni?ka ve pek te. Barana salane li dora 130 mm ye, ji cotmehe heta gulane pek te.

Dirok [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Ni?tecihen destpeke [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Diroka Karbon-14 li Tell Ramad, li derudora ?ame, destni?an dike dibe ku li wir ji nive duyemin e hezarsala heftemin a beri zayine de (li dora 6300 beri zayine) buye wargeha mirovahiye. Tevi ku heta hezarsala duyem a beri zayine di nava suren ?ame de cihwarbuneke mezin tunebu, delilen ni?tecihbune li de?ta Cemen Baradaye ya berfireh a ku vedigere 9000 salen bere zayine, heye. [8]

Serdema bironza dereng [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Hinek tomaren kevnar en Misire ji nameyen Amarnayen 1350 sale beri zayine ne, behsa dema ku ?am (bi nave Dimasqu) ji hela padi?ah Biryawaza ve hatiye revebirin, dike. Navceya ?ame, u her weha tevahiya Suriye, derdora sala 1260 beri zayine, di navbera Hititiyan ji bakur u Misriyan ji ba?ur ve dibe qada ?er. [9] ?ere Hititan u Misiriyan bi peymaneke imzekiri di navbera Hattusili III u Ramesses II de bi dawi dibe. [10] Hatina gelen deryayi li dora 1200 sale beri zayine, dawiya Serdema Bronz li hereme ni?an dide ku ?ere bi xwe re aniye herema ?ame. ?am tene parceyek derdor bu ku bi pirani bandor li navenden nifusa mezin en Suriya kevn kiriye. Van buyeran pe?vecuna ?ame weki navendek nu ya bibandor a ku bi derbasbuna ji Serdema Bronze berbi Serdema Hesin ve derxistiye hole. [11]

Serdema gelen suryani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

?am yekem car weki bajareki giring di dema hatina suryani, gele Semitik de, di sedsala 11an e beri zayine de hatiye tomar kirin. Di destpeka hezarsala yekem a beri zayine de, cend padi?ahiyen arami ava bun u suryaniyan dev ji jiyana xwe ya koceri berda u dewleten e?iri yen federe ava kirin. Yek ji van padi?ahiyan Aram-?am e ku navenda reveberiye bajare ?ame bu. Suryani ku be ?er ketin bajer, ji bo mala xwe ya nu nave "Dima?qu" li xwe kirin. Bi ditina potansiyela candiniye ya devera nepe?vecuyi aramiyan pergala belavkirina ave ya ?ame bi cekirina qenal u tunelan ave ku kargeriya Ceme Baradaye heri zede kiriye, pergala ava ?ame avakirin. Heman tora ave ji hela Romayiyan u Emewiyan ve hate ba?tir kirin ku iro ji bingeha pergala ave ya be?a kevn a bajer pek tine. [12]

Serdema greko-romayiyan [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Kavilen Perestgeha Jupitere li ber deriye El-Hamidiye Souq

?am ji aliye Iskendere Makedoni ve hate dagirkirin. Pi?ti mirina Iskender di sala 323an beri zayine de, ?am dibe qada ?ere di navbera imparatoriyen Seluki u Ptolemayiyan. Kontrola bajer gelek caran ji imperatoriyek din derbasi imperatoriya yek din dibe. Seleucus I Nicator, yek ji serle?keren Skender, Entakya kir paytexta imparatoriya xwe ya berfireh ku dibe sedema kembuna giringiya ?ame li gori bajaren nu yen Seleukiyan weke bajare Laziqiya li bakur. Pi?tre Demetrius III , Philopator bajar li gori pergala hipodami ya yewnani ji nu ve ava kir u nave bajer weke "Demetrias" guhert. [13]

Di sala 64 bere zayine de serle?kere Romayi Pompey rojavaye Suriye bi reveberiya xwe ve gire dide. Romayiyan ?ame bidest xistin u li pey re ?ame xistin nav koma deh bajaren ku bi nave Dekapolis dihatin naskirin, ku bi xwe ji di nav parezgeha Suriye de bun u ew ji wek reveberiyek otonom hatin naskirin.

Pi?ti ku Pompey hereme bidest xist, bajare ?ame bi tevahi ji aliye Romayiyan ve ji nu ve hate dizaynkirin. Heya iro ji Bajare Kevin e ?ame awayen cargo?e ye bajare Romaye, di du heremen xwe yen sereke dipareze. [14]

Serdema nujen [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Sedsala 20an [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di salen destpeke ya sedsala 20an de, hesten neteweperesti li ?ame, di destpeke de di berjewendiya we de candi, dest bi rengeki siyasi kir ku bi girani bertekek li hember bernameya tirkkirine ya hukumeta Komiteya Ittihad u Terakki dide ni?an ku di sala 1908an de li Stenbole hatiye damezrandin. Di salen 1915an u 1916an de darvekirina cend rew?enbiren welatparez ji aliye waliye ?ame Cemal Pa?a ve li Beyrut u ?ame hesten neteweperestiye ge?tir kir u di sala 1918an de dema ku hezen Serhildana Ereban u hezen Imperatoriya Britani nezik bun, welatiyan gule li ser le?keren tirken veki?iyan, re?andin.

Qrale Suriye Feysel u T.E. Lawrence li ?ame di dema ?ere Cihane ye Yekem (1918).

Di 1e cotmeha sala 1918an de T.E. Lawrence ket ?ame ku hatina seyem a roje ya yekem Tugaya Hespen Ronahi ya 3e ya Avusturalya bu ku ji hela Major A.C.N. 'Harry' Olden ve dihata birevebirin. Pi?ti du rojan, di 3e ciriya pe?in a sala 1918an hezen serhildana Ereban bi serokatiya mir Feysel ji ketin ?ame. Hikumeteke le?keri ya di bin serokatiya ?ukri Pa?a de hate binavkirin u Feysel ibn Huseyn ji dibe ?ahe Suriye. Dema ku hikumeta nu ya Bol?evik li Rusyaye Peymana Sykes-Picot e?kere kir ku te de Britanya u Fransa li hev kiribun ku rojhilata erebi di navbera xwe de parve bikin, rage?iya siyasi di mijdara sala 1917an de rabu. Di 17e Mijdare de daxuyaniyeke nu ya Frenko-Ingilizan soza "azadiya tami u teqez a gelen ku ev demeke direj e ji aliye tirkan ve hatine bindestkirin" hat dayin. Kongreya Neteweyi ya Suriyeye di meha Adare de destureke bingehin a demokratik qebul kir. Lebele, Konferansa Versailles li ser Suriye fermanek dabu Fransa u di sala 1920an de arte?ek fransi bi fermandariya General Mariano Goybet Ciyayen Dij-Lubnane derbas bu u seferek berevaniye ya picuk a Suriye di ?ere Maysalun de tek bir u ket ?ame. Fransiyan ?ame weke paytexte Koma Miletan ji bo Suriye diyarkirin.

Avahiya Opera ?ame ku di sala 2004an de hatiye vekirin

Dema ku di sala 1925an de Serhildana Mezin a Suriye li Haurane li ?ame belav bu, Fransiyan di 9e gulana sala 1926an de bajar bi ceken giran, bombebaran u topbaran kirin. Di encame de, devera bajare kevin di navbera El-Hamidiye Souq u Medhet Pa?a Souq de bi temami ?ewiti u gelek kes mirin u ji we deme ve vir ve bi nave El-Hariqa ("agir") te naskirin. Bajare kevin bi telan hat dorpeckirin ku re li ber derbasbuna serhilderan ji Ghouta bigire u reyek nu li derveyi benderen bakur hate cekirin ku tevgera wesayiten zirxi hesan bike.

Di 21e heziran sala 1941an de, 3 hefte pi?ti kampanyaya Hevalbenden Suriye-Libnane, ?am ji hela hezen Frensi yen Vichy ve ji hela hezek tevlihev a Hindistane ya Britani u Frensa Azad ve hate zeftkirin. Fransiyan di sala 1946an de, pi?ti destwerdana Ingilizan a di dema Kriza ?am de, li hev kirin ku biveki?in u bi vi awayi Suriye bi tevahi serbixwe dibe u bajare ?ame weke paytext Suriye dimine.

?ere navxweyi [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

Di cileya sala 2012an de, pevcunen di navbera arte?a nizami u serhildayan de gihi?tin derudora ?ame ku li gori agahiyan re nadin ku xelk derkevin an ji bigihejin malen xwe, nemaze dema ku operasyonen ewlekari li wir ji dawiya Cile heta Sibata tundtir buye. [15] Di hezirana sala 2012an de dema ku le?ker li kolanan ?ere Arte?a Azad a Suriye dikirin, gule u perceyen ?arapnelan bi ?ev li ?ame li avahiyen welatiyan diketin. Li gori ni?tecihan u vidyoya amatore ku li ser internete hate we?andin, pevcunen tund en ?ere tifingan xuya dibun. [16]

?am bi bombebarana giran di kanuna sala 2017an de dest bi peleke din ya bombebarankirine kir u di sibata sala 2018an de eri?ek bi nave Eri?a Rif Dime?q da destpekirin. Di 20e gulana sala 2018an de, pi?ti 7 salan pi?ti derxistina DAI?e ji Kampa Yermuke, ?am u tevahiya parezgeha Rif Dime?q bi temami ketin bin kontrola hikumete.

Wene [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  • Katedrala Yewnanî-Melkite ya Patrîkalî ya Daweta Xatûna Me.
    Katedrala Yewnani-Melkite ya Patrikali ya Daweta Xatuna Me.
  • Katedrala Katolîk a Suryanî ya Saint Paul.
    Katedrala Katolik a Suryani ya Saint Paul.
  • Şapela Ezîz Paul
    ?apela Eziz Paul
  • Mizgefta Umayyad.
    Mizgefta Umayyad.
  • Mizgefta Sayyidah Ruqayya
    Mizgefta Sayyidah Ruqayya

Cavkani [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

  1. ^ Bowker, John (1 kanuna pa?in 2003). Damascus (bi ingilizi). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793 . ISBN   978-0-19-280094-7 .
  2. ^ Birke, Sarah. "Damascus: What's Left | Sarah Birke" . The New York Review of Books (bi ingilizi) . Roja gihi?tine 31 gulan 2023 .
  3. ^ Dion, Paul E. (1988). "Review of Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B. C. E." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (270): 97?100. doi : 10.2307/1357008 . ISSN   0003-097X .
  4. ^ Cross, Frank Moore (1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus" . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (205): 36?42. doi : 10.2307/1356214 . ISSN   0003-097X .
  5. ^ "Kalmasoft - Database of Syriac Arabic Common Words" . www.kalmasoft.com . Roja gihi?tine 31 gulan 2023 .
  6. ^ Younger, K. Lawson (2016). A political history of the Arameans: from their origins to the end of their polities . Archaeology and biblical studies. Atlanta (Ga.): SBL Press. ISBN   978-1-58983-128-5 .
  7. ^ "Damascus - the Ancient Town" . romeartlover.tripod.com . Roja gihi?tine 1 heziran 2023 .
  8. ^ Burd, Andrew (2005). "The Asia Pacific Burns Association" . Burns . 31 (4): 534. doi : 10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.005 . ISSN   0305-4179 .
  9. ^ Burd, Andrew (2005). "The Asia Pacific Burns Association" . Burns . 31 (4): 534. doi : 10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.005 . ISSN   0305-4179 .
  10. ^ Burd, Andrew (2005). "The Asia Pacific Burns Association" . Burns . 31 (4): 534. doi : 10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.005 . ISSN   0305-4179 .
  11. ^ Burd, Andrew (2005). "The Asia Pacific Burns Association" . Burns . 31 (4): 534. doi : 10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.005 . ISSN   0305-4179 .
  12. ^ Burd, Andrew (2005). "The Asia Pacific Burns Association" . Burns . 31 (4): 534. doi : 10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.005 . ISSN   0305-4179 .
  13. ^ "Trove" . trove.nla.gov.au . Roja gihi?tine 1 heziran 2023 .
  14. ^ "Damascus - the Ancient Town" . romeartlover.tripod.com . Roja gihi?tine 1 heziran 2023 .
  15. ^ "Syria Today | Dead Ends" . web.archive.org . 21 adar 2012. Ji orijinale di 21 adar 2012 de hat ar?ivkirin . Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2023 .
  16. ^ "Heavy Gunfire in Syria's Capital During Weekend" . Haaretz (bi ingilizi) . Roja gihi?tine 2 heziran 2023 .

Giredanen derve [ biguhere | cavkaniye biguhere ]

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