??????

Chennai (??????)

Chennai
Madras
Chennai (??????) Chennai Madras
City
???	????
?????	?????????
District	Chennai
Former name	Madras
??????
? ?????	Mayor?Council
? ??????	Chennai Corporation
? Mayor	Saidai Duraisamy
? Deputy Mayor	P. Benjamin
? Corporation Commissioner	D.Karthikeyan
? Police Commissioner	S George
Area
? City	???.? km ? (???.?? sq mi)
? ??????	?,??? km ? (???.?? sq mi)
Elevation	? m (?? ft)
Population (2011)
? City	??,??,???
? ??????	6
? ????????	??,???/km ? (??,???/sq mi)
? Metro	??,??,???
? Metro rank	?
? Metropolitan	??,??,??? ( ?th )
Demonym(s)	Chennaite, Madrasi
??? ???	??????+05:30 (IST)
ZIP code(s)	600 xxx,
Area code(s)	+91-44
???? ??????	TN 01?10, 18, 20, 22
UN/LOCODE	IN MAA
???????	?????
??????	Website of the Chennai Corporation
	↑ The Chennai metropolitan area also includes portions of Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts. ;

? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????? (format) ?????????.

???????? ???? ? ???????????? ??????????.

"???????" ??????? ????????????????????. ??? ???????????, ??????? (??????? ???????) ????.

?????? ????? [ ???????? ]

?????? - ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? '??????' ???? ????????????????. ??????????? ??? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ???? ???????? (· ??????) ( ????? : ??????), ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? (· ??????). ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???. ? ???? ?????? ?????? 7.60 ???? ??????? (2006), ?????? 368 ?????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? 36 ?? ????????????. ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????????. ?????? ????? ????? (???? ?????????) ???? ???????????????, ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????. ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????????. ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ATP ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??????? [??????] 1 ????? 2 ?????? 3 ????? 3.1 ?????? 3.2 ???????? (?????) 4 ????? 5 ???????????? (????????) 6 ???????? (???????????????) 7 ???????? 8 ?????? ?????? (??????) 9 ?????? (??????) 10 ??????? ??????? (???????? ????????) 11 ?????? 12 ????????? 13 ????????? 14 ????? ????????? [????????] ?????

'???????' ??? ????? '????????????' ?????? ??????, ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? 1639 ????? ????? ???????????. https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/22nd-august-1639-madras-now-chennai-is-founded-by-the-east-india-company ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? '???????????' ??? ????? ????????. ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? '??????' ???????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? '??????????' ???? '?????????' ???? ?????????????????. '??????' ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? "?????" ???? ?????? '?????????' ???? '???????????' ????? "????? ???" ??????. ? ???????? 1996 ?????? ????????? '??????' ???? ???????????????. '???????' ??? ?? ?????????? ???????. (????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????.) ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? -1500 ? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ??????????. [????????] ??????

7 ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? . ????? ????: ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????, ???, ??????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????. 1522 ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????, ????. ? 52 ???? 70 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? (???? ????) ???? ??????. ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? 1612 ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? 22 ?? ?????? 1639 ???? ? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????. ? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????????????? ?? ???????????? 1746 ????? ?????????????. ?????-la-?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????????????? 1749 ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????. 18 ?? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????, ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????. 19 ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? (?????? ????????) ????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????????. ??? ??? DEPOT ?????? ???? ???? SMS Emden ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? I ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. 1947 ? ???????????? ????, ????? 1969 ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. 1965 ???? 1967, ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ????????, 1984 ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????? 33 ??? ????, 1991 ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? EPRLF ? 13 ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????. . ???? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? 1996 ????? ???? ????????? ?????????. 2004 ????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ??????????. [????????] ?????

???? ? ????????????? 7 ?????????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????.

???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? 13,04 ° ??? 80,17 ° ? ????? ???. https://www.chennai.org.uk/travel-tips/location.html ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? 6 ????? (20 ???), 60 ?? (200 ???) ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ????, ?????? ??????????? Cooum (???? Koovam) ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???. Cooum ????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??-silted ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? ??????, ??????? 4 ???? (3 ????), ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. Otteri ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???. ???? ??????, Sholavaram ????? ??????? ???? Chembarambakkam ???? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ????????? Veeranam ??? ??????, ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ???? Metrowater ???????? ??????? 100 ?????? ????? (????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? 15 ?????) ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ???? ?????????, ???? ????????????, clayey ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. Clayey ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ????????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ????????? Tiruvanmiyur, ???????, Kottivakkam, Santhome, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????. Clayey ????? ?????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????. ???? clayey ???????????? T.Nagar, ?????? Mambalam, ????? ???, Kolathur ????? Virugambakkam ??????. ?????? ????: ?????? ????? ???? ????????? [????????] ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? 38 ????? ???????? °C (100.4 °F) ????? 42 °C (107.6 °F) ????????? ?????? 45 ????????? ???? °C ????? ????? ??? (113 °F). ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 24 °C (75 °F) ??????????? ???????? 18 ???? ???? °C (64 °F). ?????? ??? ????? ?????? 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) ????? ??? ?????? 44.1 °C (111.4 °F). ?????? ??????? ??? 1,300 mm (47.2 ???????) ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????. ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????. [????????] ???????? (?????)

???? ???? ????????. 1. ???????-Nungambakam 2. ?????? Tondiarpet 3. Mambalam-????? 4. ????????-???????????? 5. Perambur-Purasawalkkam. ?????? ????: ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. 1. ???????-Nungambakam, 2. ?????? Tondiarpet 3. Mambalam-????? 4. ????????-???????????? 5. Perambur-Purasawalkkam. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? 174 km ² (67 ???? ²) ??????????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????? 1.177 km ² (455 mi ²) ?????????????. ?????, ????, ?????? ????? ??????: ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????????. ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????, ??????, ????????? ????? ??????????????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? Chengalpattu ??????. Guduvancheri ???? ???? ???????????. [????????] ?????

???? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????, 1913 ????????????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? 155 ???????? (????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????), ???????????? 155 ????? ???????????? ????, ???????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? 10 ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? goverened ????????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? - ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? Kuppusami, ??????? ????? ????? ????? Baalu ?????. ???? ?????? ???? 18 ?????? ?????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ????? 121 ?????? ????????????. ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? 9001:2000 ???????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (CCTP) ??????????????. ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????. [????????] ???????????? (????????)

Tidel ??????, ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????????, ???? ????? apparels ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. 1990, ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? MANUFACTURING ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????. ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2005. [1] ??? ????????, ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? (SEZ), ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????, ????????, ????????, ??????????????????, ???? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? SEZ ?????? ????????? ????????????????. ???????? ???????????????? '??? & ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????-????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ????? TICEL ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? 45 ????? ???? ???? ?????? 27 ????? ??? ???????. ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????. BMW, ???????? & ????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ??????, ??????????, ???????, ????? ?????????, ??????????????, ????? ?????????, TI ????????? TAFE, ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ?????: Chennaihyundai.jpg ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????: ???? ???? ?????????, Avadi ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? [1] ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????, pertochemicals ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? Ambattur-???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. SEZ ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????????????? (???????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ?????), ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????. [????????] ???????? (???????????????)

???? ????????? Chennaiites ?????????????. ????? ????????????? ?????????? 6.7 ??????? ???? 2000 ?, ???? ????, 4.2 ??????? ????????????? ?????????. 2006 ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? 7.60 ???? ??????? ?????. ?????: Chennai.ranganathanst.jpg T.Nagar ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? km ² ????? ????????? 24.418 ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? km 5.847 ?????? ². ???? ?????? 934 ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? 1000 ????????? ???????????? 948 ??????????. ?????? ????????? ???????? 59.5%, ????????? ?????????? ??????? 80,14% ?????. ???? ????????????? 18% ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????????????. ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? bhashai ("??????? ????" ?????) ???? ?????????? ????????????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??????, ???????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???. ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ???????, ??????, ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????. [????????] ????????

????? ????: ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????. ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? (kutcheries) ?????????????. ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????????, ???????????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ("????? ????" ???????), ?????. ?????: Bharatanatyam1.jpg ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????, ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ???????????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (?????????? ?????????? culfests) ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???????. ????? ?????? 300 ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????, ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????. ???? ???????? ???? ???????????. ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? 14 ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ????????????? ???, ???????, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????????. https://www.madras.com/v/festivals/ ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????, ????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? TIFFIN ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????????. ?????? ????: ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? [????????] ?????? ?????? (??????)

????? ????: ???? ??????

???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? "?????? ???????? ??????" ???? ?????????????, ???? ????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? (????????), ????????, ??????, ???????????, ????? ????????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? Mofussil ??? ???????? (CMBT), ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???. ???? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ???????????, ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???. ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????. Royapuram ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? trawlers ?????????????.

1900 ????? 1873 ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????, Royapuram ???? ?????????????, 1907 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ?????, ?????????, ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????????. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ???, ????? ???? ????-Chengalpattu ?????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? MRTS ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? (??????) ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ???? 375 ??????????? 2.773 ????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?????? 4.2 ?????? ????????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? "?????? ????????" ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????. [????????] ?????? (??????)

???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????, ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???. ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????, ???????, ??????, ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???. ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? Vikatan, ???????????, ?????, Kungumam, ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????, ???? TV, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? AM ????? ??? ??????? FM ?????? ???????????? ???????. FM ?????? ????????? Suryan ?????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? FM ?????? ???. [????????] ??????? ??????? (???????? ????????)

???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ?? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????. ???????????, ???? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ???????: ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ???????????, ???, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? GSM ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????: ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. SCV ????? Hathway ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? providers.Direct ???????????? (DTH) ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????. [????????] ??????

???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ????????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? CBSE ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????. ????? ??????? ICSE ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????????.

????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? (1857), ?? ??????????? ???? ???, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????????, ??????, ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????. ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? (1837), ???????????? ?????? (1840), ??????? ??????????? (1842), ??????? ???????? ?????? (1835), ???????? ??????? ?????? (1938) ????? ????????? ?????? (1948), ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? (1915), ?????? ??????, ???? (1925), ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????????? (1995), ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? (2000) ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (1952) ??????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? (????), ??????? (1959), ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???. ??????? ???, ????????????, ????? (1794), ????????? ??????? ????????????? (1949), ?????????? (1944) ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? (1978), ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ????? ????? (1957) ??? ??????. ????????????, ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ???. ?????: Iitm.maingate.logo.jpg ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????????,. ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 1891 ????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????, 1835 ????? ?????????? [2], ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ??????, Kilpauk ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????. 1903 ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. 1890 ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. [????????] ?????????

???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. MAC ???? ??????????? MA ??????? ?????? ????????? (????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????) ?????, 1916 ????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????????. ?????? 50,000 ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ?????: Chennai.ATP.jpg ????? ???? ???? - Nungambakkam ????? SDAT ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??. ????? 6,000 ????????? ????? Nungambakkam ??????????? SDAT ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????????????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? 4,000 ??????? ??????????. ???? Veerans, ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????????. ?????????????? 2005 ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? (?????? 6 ????????? ??????????????) ?????????. ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? 40,000 ????? ???????? ???????? (?????), ????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? 8,000 ???? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? 4,000 ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? (???????) ?????? 1995 ?????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? 1777 ????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? (Thirupperumbudur) ????????, ????? ??????????? Sholavaram ???????? ???????????????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? 1867 ?????????????. 19 ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????,: ???? ???? 18 ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? 2006 ????? ????????????. [????????] ?????????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "Who's Who" . About Corporation of Chennai . Corporation of Chennai . Archived from the original on 15 ???????? 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 .
↑ "Commissioner of Police" . Government of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 10 September 2012 .
↑ "Tamil Nadu district wise population" (PDF) . Census of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 ?? 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 .
↑ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF) . Directorate of Census Operations - Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 17 October 2011 .

[1] The Chennai metropolitan area also includes portions of Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts.

[2] "Who's Who" . About Corporation of Chennai . Corporation of Chennai . Archived from the original on 15 ???????? 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 .

[3] "Commissioner of Police" . Government of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 10 September 2012 .

[Pop_city-4] "Tamil Nadu district wise population" (PDF) . Census of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 ?? 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 .

[5] "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF) . Directorate of Census Operations - Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 17 October 2011 .

[upper-alpha ?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]