?????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ( ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ) ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????? (orthometric) ? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ^[?]

????????????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????

????????????????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??????????
??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????
?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????
???????????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ^[?]

???????????????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??????????????????????????????????? " ?????? ???????????????????" ??????? ?????????????? ? " ????? ????????????????????????" ??????? ???? ????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????

AMSL - ????????????????????????? ^[?]
ASL - ???????????????????? ^[?]
FAMSL ? ?????????????????????????? ^[?]
FASL - ????????????????????? ^[?]
MAMSL - ????????????????????????????? ^[?]
MASL - ???????????????????????? ^[?] ^[?]
MSL - ???????????????????? ^[?]

?????????????????? [ ?????? ]

Altimetry ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ^[?] ^[?]

??????????? ??????? ?????? ?
???????????????????????? (????? GPS ) ??????????? ??????????? ?? pseudoranges ?? ???????? ?????? Geoid ??????????????????????????? 3D ??????????????????????????
????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?
?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?
????? ????????? ??????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??? (?????????????????????????????????????????????????) ????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????? (???????????????????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ^[??]

???????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "Sea Level: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers" Liverpool, UK: National Oceanography Centre . Retrieved 31 January 2024.
↑ "Altitude, Flight Level and Height" . SKYbrary Aviation Safety . Retrieved 31 January 2024 .
↑ "TOWAIR Determination" . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved 3 February 2024 . Site Elevation (AMSL) ? The elevation of the site above mean sea level (AMSL).
↑ "General Concepts" . Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . Sometimes, you will still see the abbreviation 'ASL' used as well; it stands for 'Above Sea Level'.
↑ ^?,? ^?,? ^?,? Jaramillo, Camilo (November?December 2020). "2020 ACVIM Forum On Demand Research Abstract Program: Abstract E45". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34 (6). DOI : 10.1111/jvim.15904 .
↑ ^?,? ^?,? Negrini, Robert M. (July 2006). "The Rambla highstand shoreline and the Holocene lake-level history of Tulare Lake, California, USA". Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (13): 1599?1618. DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.014 .
↑ Moore, G. W. K. (November 2011). "Global Warming, El Nino, and High-Impact Storms at Extreme Altitude: Historical Trends and Consequences for Mountaineers". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50 : 2197?2209.
↑ Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology . 2016. pp. 77?108. ?.?.?.?. 978-0128046326 .
↑ "Introduction to Altimeters" . UAV Navigation . Retrieved 20 April 2024 .
↑ Church, J. A.; Clark, P. U. (2013). "Chapter 13: Sea Level Change" . Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis . Cambridge University Press. pp. 1137?1216 . https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf ? ??????? 20 April 2024 .

[1] "Sea Level: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers" Liverpool, UK: National Oceanography Centre . Retrieved 31 January 2024.

[2] "Altitude, Flight Level and Height" . SKYbrary Aviation Safety . Retrieved 31 January 2024 .

[3] "TOWAIR Determination" . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved 3 February 2024 . Site Elevation (AMSL) ? The elevation of the site above mean sea level (AMSL).

[4] "General Concepts" . Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . Sometimes, you will still see the abbreviation 'ASL' used as well; it stands for 'Above Sea Level'.

[horses-5] ?,? ^?,? ^?,? Jaramillo, Camilo (November?December 2020). "2020 ACVIM Forum On Demand Research Abstract Program: Abstract E45". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34 (6). DOI : 10.1111/jvim.15904 .

[california-6] ?,? ^?,? Negrini, Robert M. (July 2006). "The Rambla highstand shoreline and the Holocene lake-level history of Tulare Lake, California, USA". Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (13): 1599?1618. DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.014 .

[everest-7] Moore, G. W. K. (November 2011). "Global Warming, El Nino, and High-Impact Storms at Extreme Altitude: Historical Trends and Consequences for Mountaineers". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50 : 2197?2209.

[8] Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology . 2016. pp. 77?108. ?.?.?.?. 978-0128046326 .

[9] "Introduction to Altimeters" . UAV Navigation . Retrieved 20 April 2024 .

[10] Church, J. A.; Clark, P. U. (2013). "Chapter 13: Sea Level Change" . Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis . Cambridge University Press. pp. 1137?1216 . https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf ? ??????? 20 April 2024 .

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