?????????? ????????

?????????? ???????? ( ????. Habsburgermonarchie ) ?? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (Donaumonarchie) ? ????????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?? ????????????, ???????? 1780 ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? 1918 ????, ????????????????? ????????-??????????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? , ???? 1583-1611 ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????????. 1804-1867 ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????, 1867-1918 ?????? ?? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????-???????? ??????? . ^[1]^[2]

1806 ????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ???????????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????; 1415 ?????? 1806 ??????, ?????? ???? VII ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????. ^[3]^[4] ?????????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????, ????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ?????? ??? 1700 ??????, ????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????“ ????????????. 1556 ???? ???? V -?? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

Ingrao, Charles. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618?1815 (2000) excerpt and text search
Ingrao, Charles. In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy (1979)
Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History (2016). Downplays the disruptive impact of ethnic nationalism.
Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526?1918 (U of California Press, 1974)

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↑ Vienna website; http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php
↑ Encyclopedia Britannica online article Austria-Hungary; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary
↑ Metropolitan Museum of Art; http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/habs/hd_habs.htm
↑ University of Wisconsin; http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/holy%20roman%20empire.htm ???????????? 2016-05-12 ?????? Wayback Machine .

[1] Vienna website; http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php

[Britannica_AH-2] Encyclopedia Britannica online article Austria-Hungary; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary

[3] Metropolitan Museum of Art; http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/habs/hd_habs.htm

[4] University of Wisconsin; http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/holy%20roman%20empire.htm ???????????? 2016-05-12 ?????? Wayback Machine .

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