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?????????? 1261 ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????????, ??????????? , ??????????????? ?? ?????? ???????????.

1346 ?1349 ?????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. 1453 ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????.

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????? II -?? ????????????? ??????, 1451 ???? ??????? ???? 19 ???? ?????, ?????? II . ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ???????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. 1452 ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? (Rumeli hisarı) ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????-???????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??????? I-?? . ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????????????, ???? ???????????? Bo?azkesen ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???????“. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????: ?????? ????? bo?az ??????? ?????? ???????“, ????? ?????“.

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????????? ??????????? ??????????? XI-? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????; ?????? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????. ?????????? ????? VIII ??????????? ??????-?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? IV -????. ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ????? ????????? 1182 ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? 1204 ???? ???????????????? ????????. ????????, ???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? V ?? ????? ???????? ????????.

1452 ???? ????????, ??????? ????-???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? 1452 ???? 12 ?????????. ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????, ??? ??????? V-? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????-???????????????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ????????? ???????, ????? ????????????, 1452 ???? ?????? 200 ???????????. 1453 ???? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? 400 ????????, ???? ???????? 300. ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????.

?????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? 1453 ???? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ???. ???????????, ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????.

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???, ??? 7000 ???? ???, ?????? 2,000 ???????. ????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???-??? ?????, ????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????, ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????, ???????????????, ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????.

???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????. ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? II-? ?????????? 50,000?80,000 ????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ???????: 5000-??? 10 000-??? ???????? , 70 ???????, ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? 1500 ??????? ????????? ????.

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??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? 26 ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ???? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ??????, 12 ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? 27 ????? ???????. 28 ?????, ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???????, ???-?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????.

29 ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? , ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????.

???????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? II -? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????.

????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

Franz Babinger: Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time (1992) Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-01078-1
Murr Nehme, Lina (2003). 1453: The Conquest of Constantinople. Aleph Et Taw. ISBN 2-86839-816-2 .
Richard A. Fletcher: The Cross and the Crescent (2005) Penguin Group ISBN 0-14-303481-2
Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (2007) Hambledon/Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84725-179-4
Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium (2010) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
Momigliano, Arnaldo; Schiavone, Aldo (1997). Storia di Roma, 1 (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi. ISBN 88-06-11396-8 .
(1976) La Caduta di Costantinopoli, II: L'eco nel mondo (it). Verona: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla.
Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011.
Smith, Michael Llewellyn, "The Fall of Constantinople", in History Makers magazine No. 5 (London, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1969) p. 192.
Wheatcroft, Andrew (2003): The Infidels: The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam, 638?2002 . Viking Publishing ISBN 0-670-86942-2
Wintle, Justin (2003): The Rough Guide History of Islam . Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-018-X

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

The Siege of Constantinople As The Islamic World Sees it ???????????? 2021-04-22 ?????? Wayback Machine .
Ancient History Encyclopedia ? 1453: The Fall of Constantinople
Constantinople Siege & Fall , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin & Colin Imber ( In Our Time , 28 Dec. 2006)

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

↑ Nicolle, David (2007). The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium . New York: Osprey Publishing, ??. 237 , 238.
↑ Ruth Tenzel Fieldman, The Fall of Constantinople, Twenty-First Century Books, 2008, p. 99
↑ ?Constantinople City of the World's Desire 1453?1924“ . The Washington Post . 4 February 1997 . ????????? ??????: 28 October 2012 .

[The_Fall_of_Constantinople-1] Nicolle, David (2007). The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium . New York: Osprey Publishing, ??. 237 , 238.

[2] Ruth Tenzel Fieldman, The Fall of Constantinople, Twenty-First Century Books, 2008, p. 99

[3] ?Constantinople City of the World's Desire 1453?1924“ . The Washington Post . 4 February 1997 . ????????? ??????: 28 October 2012 .

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