?????? ?????? ????????

?????? ?????? ????????
???. ??????	31 ??????? , 1868
???. ??????	Germantown
????. ??????	2 ?????? , 1928 (60 ????)
????. ??????	????????
??????????????	?????-??????? ????????
???????????	???
??????????	????????
???????? ??????	????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????
????-??????	????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????
????????? ???????????	??????? ???????
????	William Trost Richards
????	Anna Matlack Richards
????????	???????? ??????? ????? , ??????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ????? , ????????? ?????? , ????? ?????? , ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????
	?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????

?????? ?????? ???????? ( ????. Theodore William Richards ; ?. 31 ??????? 1868 , ??????????? ? ?. 2 ?????? 1928 , ???????? ) ? ????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????.

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ?????????? ^[16] ??????. ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?. ?. ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. 14 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????????????. 1885 ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? 1886 ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. 1888 ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????????.

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1815 ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (1786?1850 ??.) ???????? ?????????, ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????.

????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? ??????????? (1779?1848 ??.) ?? ??? ???? ?????? (1813?1891 ??.) ?????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???., ?????? ??????? ???? 35,5-? ????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????.

????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? (1826?1910 ??.) ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????: ?????, ????????. ?? ????? ?????, ???? XIX ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????.

????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? 63,54 ??????? 63,31????. ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????. 1888 ?????? 1923 ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? 25 ????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????, ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? , ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ??? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????.

????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????????“ ??????. ?? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ??????????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????, 1907 ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????“ ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????????.

1888 ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? , ??????????? , ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? (1848?1897 ??.), ???? ??????? ???????? (1841?1921 ??), ????????? ??????? ???????? (1859?1895 ??.) ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? (1851?1916 ??.). ???????? ????, ????????? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????, 1891 ???? ? ???? ????????, ???? 1894 ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????.

????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?. ?????????? (1909 ?. ??????? ??????) ????????? ?? ?. ????????? (1920 ?. ??????? ??????) ??????????? ???????????????, ???? ??????????? 1904 ?. ???????? ?????????????. 1901 ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????, 1903?1911 ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????, 1912 ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????.

????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 1915 ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? 1919 ???? 6 ????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????:

	?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????. ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ???????“ ?????????... ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????.“

????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????, ???????, ??????????, ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ????????.

????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Bibliotheque nationale de France BnF authorities : ????????? ??? ?????????? ? 2011.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563 "></a>
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Encyclopædia Britannica
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5375741 "></a>
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 SNAC ? 2010.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311 "></a>
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Store norske leksikon ? 1978. ? ISSN 2464-1480
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q746368 "></a>
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 GeneaStar
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q98769076 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3100478 "></a>
↑ Brozovi? D. , Ladan T. Hrvatska enciklopedija ? LZMK , 1999. ? 9272 ???. ? ISBN 978-953-6036-31-8
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1264934 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q429032 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q18446 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1789619 "></a>
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 https://archive.org/details/1886secretarysre07harvuoft/page/187/mode/1up
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Ричардс Теодор Уильям // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров ? 3-е изд. ? Москва : Советская энциклопедия , 1969.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q649 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5061737 "></a>
↑ ?????????? ????????????
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q237227 "></a>
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/william-theodore-richards/
↑ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 ? Nobel Foundation .
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1781959 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23684016 "></a>
↑ Table showing prize amounts ? Nobel Foundation , 2019.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1781959 "></a>
↑ https://chicagoacs.org/Willard_Gibbs_Award
↑ Award winners : Davy Medal
↑ List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? . ? ??. 300.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q111806251 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q123885 "></a>
↑ ???????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q27031827_citetype_Q595971"_data-entity-id="Q19938912"><i_class="wef_low_priority_links">[[:საფრანგეთის_ეროვნული_ბიბლიოთეკა|Bibliothèque_nationale_de_France]]</i>_[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12560306f_BnF_authorities]:_პლატფორმა_ღია_მონაცემები<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2011.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563"></a></div>-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Bibliotheque nationale de France BnF authorities : ????????? ??? ?????????? ? 2011.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q615699"_data-entity-id="Q5375741">[http://global.britannica.com/biography/Theodore-William-Richards_Encyclopædia_Britannica]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5375741"></a></div>-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Encyclopædia Britannica
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5375741 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q8513_citetype_Q35127_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q194166"_data-entity-id="Q29861311">SNAC<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2010.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311"></a></div>-3] 3.0 ^3.1 SNAC ? 2010.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q1239328_citetype_Q35127_citetype_Q615699_citetype_Q18168594"_data-entity-id="Q746368">[[:დიდი_ნორვეგიული_ენციკლოპედია|Store_norske_leksikon]]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_1978._—_ISSN_[https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2464-1480_2464-1480]</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q746368"></a></div>-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Store norske leksikon ? 1978. ? ISSN 2464-1480
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q746368 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q33270324"_data-entity-id="Q98769076">GeneaStar<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q98769076"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3100478"></a></div>-5] 5.0 ^5.1 GeneaStar
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q98769076 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3100478 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q47461344"_data-entity-id="Q1789619"><i_class="wef_low_priority_links">[[:hr:Dalibor_Brozović|Brozović&nbsp;D.]],_[[:hr:Tomislav_Ladan|Ladan&nbsp;T.]]</i>_[[:ხორვატული_ენციკლოპედია|Hrvatska_enciklopedija]]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:hr:Leksikografski_zavod_Miroslav_Krleža|LZMK]],_1999._—_9272&nbsp;გვრ._—_ISBN_978-953-6036-31-8</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1264934"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q429032"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q18446"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1789619"></a></div>-6] Brozovi? D. , Ladan T. Hrvatska enciklopedija ? LZMK , 1999. ? 9272 ???. ? ISBN 978-953-6036-31-8
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1264934 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q429032 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q18446 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1789619 "></a>

[[https://archive.org/details/1886secretarysre07harvuoft/page/187/mode/1up_https://archive.org/details/1886secretarysre07harvuoft/page/187/mode/1up]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-7] 7.0 ^7.1 https://archive.org/details/1886secretarysre07harvuoft/page/187/mode/1up

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q3331189"_data-entity-id="Q17378135">Ричардс_Теодор_Уильям_//_[[:ru:Большая_советская_энциклопедия_(третье_издание)|Большая_советская_энциклопедия]]:_[в_30_т.]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_/_под_ред._[[:ალექსანდრე_პროხოროვი|А.&nbsp;М.&nbsp;Прохоров]]_—_3-е_изд._—_[[:მოსკოვი|Москва]]:_[[:ru:Большая_российская_энциклопедия_(издательство)|Советская_энциклопедия]],_1969.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q649"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5061737"></a></div>-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Ричардс Теодор Уильям // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров ? 3-е изд. ? Москва : Советская энциклопедия , 1969.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q649 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5061737 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q13136"_data-entity-id="Q237227">[[:de:s:Brockhaus_Enzyklopädie|ბროკჰაუზის_ენციკლოპედია]]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q237227"></a></div>-9] ?????????? ????????????
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q237227 "></a>

[[https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/william-theodore-richards/_https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/william-theodore-richards/]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-10] 10.0 ^10.1 https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/william-theodore-richards/

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127"_data-entity-id="Q23684016">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1914/summary/_The_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1914]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:ნობელის_ფონდი|Nobel_Foundation]].</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1781959"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23684016"></a></div>-11] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 ? Nobel Foundation .
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1781959 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23684016 "></a>

[[https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf_Table_showing_prize_amounts]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:ნობელის_ფონდი|Nobel_Foundation]],_2019.</span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1781959"></a></div>-12] Table showing prize amounts ? Nobel Foundation , 2019.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1781959 "></a>

[[https://chicagoacs.org/Willard_Gibbs_Award_https://chicagoacs.org/Willard_Gibbs_Award]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-13] ttps://chicagoacs.org/Willard_Gibbs_Award

[[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1021770356&single=true_Award_winners_:_Davy_Medal]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-14] Award winners : Davy Medal

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q12139612_citetype_Q49848"_data-entity-id="Q111806251">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120114063626/http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf_List_of_Royal_Society_Fellows_1660-2007]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:ლონდონის_სამეფო_საზოგადოება|ლონდონის_სამეფო_საზოგადოება]]._—_გვ.&nbsp;300.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q111806251"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q123885"></a></div>-15] List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? . ? ??. 300.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q111806251 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q123885 "></a>

[16] ???????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]