???????? ?????????

?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????????
???? ???????? , ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? , ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????.
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???????? ????????? [1] ( ???. ius naturale , lex naturalis ) ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ( ??????????? ? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????). [2] ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????????, ?????????, ?? ???????“. [3] ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????, ??????, ????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????????“. [4]

???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? . ???????? ?????????? ???-??????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? , ????? ???? ????? ?????????????? , [5] ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? . ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ???? , ????? ???? ???????? , ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? , ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? .

??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? , ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? . ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ?????????? , ????????? ????????? , ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????????. XXI ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? , ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ( ???. ius naturale ) ?? ???????? ?????????????? [6] ?????????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ?? ??????. [7]

??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????, ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? -? ??????????????? ??????????? (1776) , ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? (1789), ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? (1948) ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? (1953) ??????????????? ??????????.

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????:Original research section ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????. (??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????“ ????????? 484 ?? ????????? 83? ??????????), ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. [8] ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????, [9] ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? . ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????“. [10] ???? ????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? [11] ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. [12] ??????? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, [13] ???? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ?? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. [14]

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? ???????: ???????? ?????????
??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? , ???????? ??????.

???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????“ ( ????. φuσι? ) ?? ??????????“, ??????????“, ? ?????????? “ ????? ????????? ( ????. νoμο? ). ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????. [7] ????????????????? ??????????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? - ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????. ( d????. δ?καιον φυσικ?ν ). ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????. [6]

??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????  ?????????????, [15] ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? V ?????? ????????. ????????????, ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. [16] ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????. [17]

??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? , ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. [18] ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????:

??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????:

???? ???? ?? ??? ?????,
?? ???????? ?????: ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????.“

????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????:

?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????????.“ [19]

???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. [6] ?????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????, [7] ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????.

???????? ???????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? . ???????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????. [20] ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????????. [7]

????????? ?????????? ?.?. ???????? (1861?1943) ?????????:

????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????... ???????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????. [21] ????? ????? ?. ?????????? ?????????, ??? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????“ ?? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????“. [22]

???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? (?????? ????????? ????????? ). ?? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???, ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????.

???? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

Marcus Tullius Cicero

???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????, ??? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? ?????????. [23] ????????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????????. [24] ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????“. ????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? [25] ?? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????.“ [26] ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???? ????????.“

?? ?? ????????? , ??? ????:

ვიკიციტატა
???????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????; ?????????????? , ???????, ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????. [27] “

????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????  ???????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????,  ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????“, ??????? ???????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????“. [28] ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????  ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? . [29] ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??? ???????“ ?? ?????????“ ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????. [30]

???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????“. [31] ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????“ [32] ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? , ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????“. [33] ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????.“ [34]

?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????“. [35] ????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? [36] ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? . [37] ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????.“ [38] ?????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????“. [39] ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ??? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????.“ [40] ????????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ????????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????“. [41]

??????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????: ??????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????; ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ????????? ???? ?????: ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ???? ?????, ????-?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????“. [42] ??????????? ?. ?. ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????, ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? IV-V ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? , ?? ?????? ????????? , ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????????.“ [43]

???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????, ????????? ????????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? , ??? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? , ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????.

?????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? . ???????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????, ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????: (1) ????????? ???????????, (2) ?????? ????????????? ?? (3) ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ????????, ????? ?????????????? ????, ??????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????.

????????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????: ????????, ??????, ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????. [44]

. ?????:Irrelevant citation

??????????? ?? ???????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ??????? , O.P. (?????. 1200?1280).
???? ??????? (1225?1274).

?????:Catholic philosophy

????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? I-II qq. 90-106 , ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???, ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. [45] ???? ????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????, ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????. [46] ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????????. ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. [47]

?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? , [48] ??????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? . ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? [49] ????????? ??????????????, ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?. ?. ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????“ ?? ?????????????? ???????????“ . [50]

?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. [51] ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. [52] ???????? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????, ???????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ????????, ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????????. [53]

???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ????????? ????????“, [54] ????? ???????? ???????? ?????:

???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ????.(77, 2) ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????. [55]

?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????????;

  • ????????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ?????, ??? ?????????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????????.
  • ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????.

???????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ????????????:

  1. ??????????????
  2. ?????????????
  3. ?????????
  4. ????????

?????????? ??????????:

  1. ??????
  2. ?????
  3. ?????????????

????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????. ????????? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????????, ??????????, ????????? ??????????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

XVI ???????? ?????????? ?????? ( ????????? ??????? , ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????) ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.

???????? ???????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? ??????????: Fitra

??? ????? ??-???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????“ ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??????????, ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????, ??????? ???? ?????, ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ????????????, ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ???????, ????? ????????????????? ???????“ ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????“ ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????“, ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????????. ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????????, ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????.

????????? ????? , ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ?, ?????? ?????????, ?? ??????????“ ????????? ???????, ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ??-????????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ??????????? ????????? (??? ??????) ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ????????“ ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????“ ????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? . [56]

??? ???? ??-?????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????“ ?? ??????? ????????“, ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????“ ??????????????, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????????.

?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ????. ???????, ?????????? ?????? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????“ ??????????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ????????? ??-??????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ???????, ????????, ??????, ???????????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????“.

????? ?????????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? (???? ????????) ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????, ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ?? ??? ???? ?????????????? ?????????: fir (????????) ?? dliged (??????). ?? ??? ????????, ???????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????? corus (?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????). ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????, ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????. [57] ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? Berla Feini [Bairla-faina], ??????? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? 20 ???? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????????. [58] ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????. [59]

????????? ?????????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ?. ??????? ??????????, ??? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? (d. 1268) ?? ??? ??? ????????? (d. cir. 1476).“ [60]   ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????“, ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??????. [61] ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????“ ?? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????. [62] ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?. ?????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????“. [63] ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????“, ???????? ????????? ????? ??????. [64] ?????????????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????? XII ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???: ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????.“ [65] ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? - ????? ????????? . [66]

?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????“ ??????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????“. [67] ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? - ?????????, ??????????, ????????? -  ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????“. [68] ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ???????????.“ ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????????.“ [69] ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. [70]

????????? ???? ??????? - ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????, [71] ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????? . [72] ???? ??????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????“ ?????? ?????????? ???????“, ?????? ???????? ????????. [73] [74] ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????“. [75]

??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????, [76] ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????“ ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????.“ [77] [78] ???? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????????????“. [79] ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. [80] ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? (1608): ???????? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ???? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????.“ ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???????? ????????? ????????.“ ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??????????? , ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????. [81]

????? ??????, XVII ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????. [82] ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? (2015). [83] ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???: ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????, ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????  ?? ???????.“ [84] ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? [85] ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????“, [86] ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? , ??????????? , ???????? , ??????? , ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? . [87] ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????????, [88] ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????: De jure belli ac pacis, Francisco Suarez's Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore, and John Selden's De jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam Ebraeorum. [89]

??? ????? XIII ????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????“. [90] ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????“. [91] [92] 1928 ???? ????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????. [93]

????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????? ?????

XVII ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? , ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? .

????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? “ ?? ? ?? ??? -??“ ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????“. [94]

?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? XIV ????? (???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????; ?? ???????????“) ???? ??????????? XV ????? (???????? ???? ????????“)

  • ??????? ???????? ???????,  ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????; ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???, ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????.
  • ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????, ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????.
  • ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????.
  • ????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
  • ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.
  • ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????.
  • ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????.
  • ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????.
  • ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ????????.
  • ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????.
  • ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????.
  • ???? ??????? ?? ????????, ??????????? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ???????????? ????????.
  • ?????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????.
  • ????? ?? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????.
  • ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????.
  • ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????.
  • ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????.
  • ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????, ????? ??????.
  • ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????.

?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, [95] ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? [96] ?? ????????“, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????. [97] ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ????????? ?????“, ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????“ [98] ?? ????? ????????? ?????????“ ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????“ ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????, ????????, ???????“. [99] ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????“, [100] ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????. ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????.“ [101] ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????“. [102]

?????? ???????????????? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ????????? XVIII ?????????  ??????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????: ???????? ???????? , ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? , ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????“. [103] XVIII ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????“. [104] ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? XVII ???????? ???-??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????“. [105] ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? , ????????????? ????????? ??????????,“ ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????.“ [106] ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ???????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????“ ????????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????“. [107] ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????“. ??????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. [108] ??????? ????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????,  ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ????? ?????????????. ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????????.“ [109] ??????????? ???????, ??? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????“, ???? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????“ ?? ??????? ????????????????? ?? ??????????????“, [110] ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????“. [111] ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????“, ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????“. [112]

????????? ?????????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???-? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????“. ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [113] ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????. [114]  ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ???-? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. [115]

???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ??????? , ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????

?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????.

??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ????????????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????“. ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????“. ?? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?. ????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. [116] ????????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ( ??? ?????? ) ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????. [117]

??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. [118]

??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ????????????? ????????? ?? ????????? . ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????, ????????????? ?? ??????????“ ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????. [119]

??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????“, [120] ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????? (????? ?? ???) ???????? 1, 26-28 ,  ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. [121] ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????. [122] ????? ????????? ???????, ??????????, ????????? ????, ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????;“ [123] ????? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. [124]

???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???-???? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? [125] ????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????“. [126] ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????, ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????  ?. ?. ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????“. [127] ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. [128] ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?????????...“ [129]

?????????? ?? ?????????? ?. ?. ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? - ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ????? XII ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????“, [130] ???? ?????????“, ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????“ XVII ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????“ ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????“. [131] ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????“ ???????????? ?? ???????, ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????“. [132]

????????? ????-?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????, ????????? ????? ???? ????? , ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? . [133] ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ????????“ ?? ??????????“ ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????????- ?????????-?????“. [134] ?????????? ????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? , ????? ????????? ????????????????? : ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????“. [135]  ??????????, ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????. [136]

???? ?????? ????? ???????? - ?? ?? ????????? (1601) ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????: ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????????“.

??????????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????: [137]

???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ????????? ????????“.

???????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????:

  • ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????“ ?? ????????“, ????? ??? ?????????? ???, ?????? ????????? ????????.
  • ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????. ?????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????.
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  1. ↑ Natural Law | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy en-US. ????????? ??????: 2020-10-19
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  3. ↑ Kelsen, Hans (2007). General Theory of Law And State . The Lawbook Exchange, ??. 392.  
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  10. ↑ Plato, The Republic , 518b?d.
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  25. ↑ Cicero, De Legibus (Keyes translation), bk. 2, sec. 11.
  26. ↑ Cicero, De Legibus (Keyes translation), bk. 1, sec. 58.
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  30. ↑ Thomas Aquinas, Treatise on Law (Summa Theologica, Questions 90?97), ed. Stanley Parry (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1969), p. 18
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  34. ↑ Reinhold, Meyer (1984). Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United States . Detroit: Wayne State University Press, ??. 150 .  
  35. ↑ Botein, Stephen (April?May 1978). ?Cicero as Role Model for Early American Lawyers: A Case Study in Classical 'Influence ' “. The Classical Journal . 73 (4): 315.
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  37. ↑ Wilson, James (1967). The Works of James Wilson . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ??. 145?46.  
  38. ↑ Farrell, James M. (December 1989). ?John Adams's Autobiography: The Ciceronian Paradigm and the Quest for Fame“ . The New England Quarterly . 62 (4): 506. doi : 10.2307/366395 . JSTOR   366395 .
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  40. ↑ (1989) Jefferson's Literary Commonplace Book . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ??. 159.  
  41. ↑ Jefferson to Amos J. Cook, 21 Jan. 1816; quoted in Jefferson's Literary Commonplace Book , p. 161.
  42. ↑ ?????:Bibleverse
  43. ↑ Carlyle, A. J. (1903). A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West . New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, ??. 83.  
  44. ↑ Natural Law aspects of theory . [ PDF ]. Rsrevision.com. ????????????? ???????????? 2014-10-26-?? . https://web.archive.org/web/20141026050618/http://www.rsrevision.com/Alevel/ethics/revision/natural_law_aspects_of_theory.pdf .
  45. ↑ Summa Theologica, I-II, Q. 91, Art. 2 ???????????? 2007-07-04 ?????? Wayback Machine . "I answer that"
  46. ↑ Summa Theologicae, Q. 95, A. 2.
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  48. ↑ Pope John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor ???????????? 2014-10-27 ?????? Wayback Machine . , n. 44; International Theological Commission, The Search for Universal Ethics: A New Look at the Natural Law , n. 37.
  49. ↑ A Biblical Case for Natural Law , by David VanDrunen. Studies in Christian Social Ethics and Economics, no. 1. Grand Rapids: Acton Institute, 2006.
  50. ↑ Raymond Paul Tripp (1975). Man's "natural powers": essays for and about C. S. Lewis . Society for New Language Study.  
  51. ↑ Pope John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor ???????????? 2014-10-27 ?????? Wayback Machine . , n. 48.
  52. ↑ Pope John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor ???????????? 2014-10-27 ?????? Wayback Machine . , n. 54 ff.
  53. ↑ International Theological Commission, The Search for Universal Ethics: A New Look at the Natural Law , n. 46.
  54. ↑ Summa Theologica I?II, Q. 94, A. 2.
  55. ↑ Summa Theologica I?II, Q. 94, A. 6.
  56. ↑ Roeber, A. G. (October 2001). ?What the Law Requires Is Written on Their Hearts: Noachic and Natural Law among German-Speakers in Early Modern North America“. William and Mary Quarterly . Third Series. 58 (4): 883?912 [887]. doi : 10.2307/2674504 . JSTOR   2674504 .
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  58. ↑ Ireland; Ireland. Commissioners for Publishing the Ancient Laws and Institutes of Ireland (1865-1901) Ancient Laws and Institutes of Ireland Volume 1 , Kelly - University of Toronto, Dublin : Printed for H. M. Stationery Office ; A. Thom.  
  59. ↑ HERITAGE:Other:Brehon law . ????????????? ???????????? ? 2017-08-24. ????????? ??????: 2017-08-24.
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  61. ↑ Thorne, Samuel E. (1968). ?Translator's Introduction“, Of the Laws and Customs of England , trans. Samuel E. Thorne, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press and The Selden Society, ??. xxxiii.  
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  63. ↑ Mullett, Charles F. [1933] (1966). Fundamental Law and the American Revolution 1760?1776 . New York: Octagon Books, ??. 33 .  
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  65. ↑ de Bracton, Henry (1968). Of the Laws and Customs of England , trans. Samuel E. Thorne, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press and The Selden Society, ??. 23.  
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  67. ↑ Hazeltine, Harold Dexter (1949). De Laudibus Legum Anglie , ed. and trans. S. B. Chrimes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ??. l, xxviii.  
  68. ↑ Sandoz, Ellis (1993). The Roots of Liberty: Magna Carta, Ancient Constitution, and the Anglo-American Tradition of Rule of Law , ed. Ellis Sandoz, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, ??. 7.  
  69. ↑ Doe, Norman (1990). Fundamental Authority in Late Medieval English Law . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ??. 49 .  
  70. ↑ Fortescue, John (1949). De Laudibus Legum Anglie . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ??. l1.  
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  73. ↑ Doctor and Student, bk. 1, ch. 5.
  74. ↑ Doe, Norman (1990). Fundamental Authority in Late Medieval English Law . Cambridge University Press, ??. 112 ?13.  
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  76. ↑ Sir Edward Coke, The Selected Writings and Speeches of Sir Edward Coke , ed. Steve Sheppard (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003), vol. 1, p. xxvii.
  77. ↑ John Phillip Reid, In a Defiant Stance: The Conditions of Law in Massachusetts Bay, The Irish Comparison, and the Coming of the American Revolution (University Park, Penn.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977), 71.
  78. ↑ Thomas Jefferson wrote to James Madison in 1826 that before the Revolution, the first volume of Coke's Institutes of the Laws of England "was the universal elementary book of law students, and a sounder Whig never wrote, nor of profounder learning in the orthodox doctrines of the British constitution, or in what were called English liberties." See The Writings of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 16, p. 155.
  79. ↑ John Underwood Lewis, "Sir Edward Coke (1552?1634): His Theory of 'Artificial Reason' as a Context for Modern Basic Legal Theory," in Law, Liberty, and Parliament: Selected Essays on the Writings of Sir Edward Coke , ed. Allen D. Boyer (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004), pp. 108?09; citing Edward Coke, First Part of the Institutes , 319b.
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  81. ↑ Sir Edward Coke, The Selected Writings and Speeches of Sir Edward Coke , ed. Steve Sheppard (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 195?97.
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  98. ↑ Thomas Hobbes, De Cive (The Citizen) , ed. Sterling P. Lamprecht (New York, 1949; orig. 1642), ch. 2, sec. 2 (p. 29).
  99. ↑ Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill (Mineola, N.Y., 2006; orig. 1651), pt. 1, ch. 14 (p. 72); p. 1, ch. 13 (pp. 21, 70).
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  106. ↑ Parkin, 8.
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  111. ↑ Cumberland, ch. 5, sec. 12 (p. 525)
  112. ↑ Cumberland, ch. 5, sec. 15 (pp. 527?28).
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  115. ↑ Clinton, Robert Lowry (1997). God and Man in the Law: The Foundations of Anglo-American Constitutionalism . University Press of Kansas.  
  116. ↑ Ernst Wolf, Naturrecht , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3. Auflage, Band IV (1960), Tubingen (Germany), col. 1357
  117. ↑ M. Elze, Grotius, Hugo , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3. Auflage, Band II (1958), col. 1885
  118. ↑ H. Hohlwein, Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von , in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 721
  119. ↑ John Locke, Two Treatises of Government , Second Treatise, Chapter 13, §149
  120. ↑ Jeremy Waldron, God, Locke, and Equality , pp. 12?15, 45?46, 95?97, 195?98, 230
  121. ↑ Jeremy Waldron, God, Locke, and Equality , pp. 21?43
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  138. ↑ Singh, Prabhakar (March 2008). ?From 'narcissistic' positive international law to 'universal' natural international law: the dialectics of 'absentee colonialism ' “. African Journal of International and Comparative Law . Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press . 16 (1): 56?82. doi : 10.3366/E0954889008000066 .

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