Gangguan stres posttraumatik (PTSD) , ing basa Inggris diarani post-traumatic stress disorder diarani minangka gangguan mental kang bisa ngalami sawise wong ngalami kedadeyan traumatik, kaya ta serangan seksual, perang, tabrakan lalu lintas, penyalahgunaan bocah, utawa ancaman liyane tumrap urip. ^[1] Gejala bisa uga kalebu pikirane, perasaan, utawa impen kang ana gandhengane karo kedadeyan, kasusahan mental utawa awak kanggo isyarat kang gegayutan karo trauma, nyoba ngindhari isyarat kang gegandhengan karo trauma, pangowahan babagan cara mikir lan ngrasa, lan paningkatan perjuangan utawa-tanggap tanggap. ^[2] Gejala kasebut tahan luwih saka siji wulan sawise acara kasebut. Bocah -bocah cilik katon kurang prihatin, nanging bisa uga ngeling-eling nalika dolanan. Wong kang duwe PTSD risiko luwih dhuwur kanggo nglalu lan cilaka awake kanthi sengaja. ^[3] Anggone nyegah bisa ditindakake nalika konseling ditargetake kanggo wong-wong kang duwe gejala awal, nanging ora efektif nalika diwenehake kanggo kabeh wong kang ngalami trauma apa gejala utawa gejala kasebut. Pangobatan utama kanggo wong kang duwe PTSD ya iku konseling (psikoterapi) lan obat -obatan. ^{[4] [4]} Antidepresan saka jinis inhibitor serotonin selektif ya iku obat pisanan kanggo PTSD. Urung dingerteni apa nggunakake obat-obatan lan konseling bebarengan duwe keuntungan luwih gedhe tinimbang cara kanthi kapisah. ^[5] Pangobatan, liyane saka SSRI, ora duwe bukti kang cukup kanggo ndhukung panggunaan lan, yen kedadeyan benzodiazepine, bisa uga ngrusak asil. ^[6]

Sajarah [ besut | besut sumber ]

Stastistik Manuwal Diagnostik (DSM)-I edhisi 1952 kalebu diagnosis "reaksi stres kasar", kang nduweni padhanan karo katrangan modhern lan pemahaman PTSD. ^[7] Reaksi stres kasar ditetepake minangka "kapribaden normal nggunakake pola reaksi kang ditetepake kanggo ngatasi rasa wedi kang kakehan" minangka tanggepan kanggo "kaanan stres gedhe". Panaliten USAF kang ditindakake ing taun 1979 fokus ing individu (sipil lan militer) wis makarya kanggo mbalekake utawa nemoni tinggalan kang diowahi ing Jonestown. Panaliten kasebut nggunakake tembung "dysphoria" kanggo njlentrehake tandha kaya PTSD. Awal taun 1978, diagnosis istilah "gangguan stres pascatraumatik" disaranake ing klompok kerja kang wis ditampilake menyang Komite Kelainan Reaktif. ^[8] Kaanan kasebut diterangake ing DSM-III (1980) minangka gangguan stres pascatraumatik. Ing DSM-IV, ejaan iku digunakake, nalika ing ICD-10. Kajaba istilah kasebut kanggo DSM-III ana akibate karo pengalaman lan kaanan ing A.S. Para veteran militer Perang Vietnam . ^[9] Amarga ana gayutane karo perang ing Vietnam, PTSD padha karo diagnosa wektu-jaman sejarah kaya ta diagnosis " keretakan tulang belakang ", sindrom stres, nostalgia, jantung prajurit, kejutan cangkang, keselen perang, reaksi stres, utawa neurosis perang traumatik. ^[10] Sawetara istilah kasebut diwiwiti ing abad kaping 19, kang nuduhake indeks kaanan universal. Psikiater Jonathan Shay ngusulake manawa soliloquy Lady Percy ing William Shakespeare main Henry IV, Part 1 (tumindak 2, adegan 3, baris 40-66 ^[11] , kang ditulis udakara taun 1597, nggambarake katrangan bab ora akurat.

Faktor risiko [ besut | besut sumber ]

Wong kang dianggep berisiko kalebu pertempuran tentara militer, korban bebaya alam, kurban kemah, lan kurban tindhakan ala kang ganas. Wong kang kerja ing pakaryan kang mbabarake kekerasan (kaya ta prajurit) utawa bebaya (kaya ta buruh layanan darurat) uga ana risiko. ^{[12] [13]} Pakaryan liyane kang ana risiko luwih dhuwur kalebu petugas polisi, petugas pemadam kebakaran, petugas ambulan, profesional perawatan kesehatan, pembalap sepur, penyelam, wartawan, lan pelaut, saliyane wong kang nyambut gawe ing bank, kantor pos utawa ing toko. Ukuran hippocampus ora ana hubungane karo gangguan stres pascatraumatik lan sukses perawatan. Ing hipocampus kang luwih cilik, risiko PTSD kang luwih dhuwur. ^[14] PTSD wis digandhengake karo macem-macem acara traumatis. Risiko ngembangake PTSD sawise kedadeyan traumatis beda-beda miturut jinis trauma ^[15] lan minangka pendhudhukan paling gedhe miturut kekerasan seksual (11.4%), utamane rudapeksa (19.0%). [35] Wong luwih cenderung ngalami acara traumatik, nanging wanita luwih cenderung ngalami jinis acara traumatik sing berprestasi tinggi sing bisa nyebabake PTSD, kaya ta kekerasan interpersonal lan serangan seksual. ^[16] Slametan kendharaan kendaraan motor, bocah lan wong diwasa, kanthi risiko tambah PTSD. Udakara 20% bocah didiagnosis PTSD sawise kacilakan lalu lintas dalan, dibandhingake karo 22% wong diwasa.

Tandha [ besut | besut sumber ]

PTSD rada angel diagnosane amarga ana pira-pira sebabe. Kata ta ing ngisor iki:

• gangguan anane marga migunake zat tartamtu, ana ngasilake sawetara tandha lan tandha kang padha karo PTSD
• PTSD nambah risiko kanggo nandhang gangguan penyalahgunaan zat kang dilrang kaya ta narkoba.
• Tandha awal kang meh padha karo kelainan mental liyane kaya ta gangguan kompulsif obsesif lan gangguan kuwatir. ^[17]
• Anane gayutan gangguan mental depresi umum karo gangguan kuwatir sacara umum.
• ekspresi tandha-tandha kanthi budaya (khususe kang ana gayutane mati rasa lan ngimpi impen ala, lan gejala somatik) ^[2]
• Watak subyektif umume ciri awal saka diagnostik lan iki uga dadi tandha akeh saka gangguan mental.
• Anggone ngelaporake kedadean rada di luwihake bisa uga nguntungake ing pihak tartamtu. utamane yen ana ukuman pidana.
• Wegah nglaporake kasus PTSD amarga bisa nyegah entuk pakaryan kang apik, misale kasus stigma.

Rujukan [ besut | besut sumber ]

1. ↑ "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Symptoms and causes" . Mayo Clinic (ing basa Inggris) . Dibukak ing 2020-05-17 .
2. ↑ ^{a b} American Psychiatric Association.; American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (edhisi ka-5th ed). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. ISBN   978-0-89042-554-1 . OCLC   830807378 . {{ cite book }} : |edition= has extra text ( pitulung )
3. ↑ Panagioti, Maria; Gooding, Patricia A.; Triantafyllou, Kalliopi; Tarrier, Nicholas (2015-04-01). "Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis" . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (ing basa Inggris). 50 (4): 525?537. doi : 10.1007/s00127-014-0978-x . ISSN   1433-9285 .
4. ↑ ^{a b} "NIMH ≫ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" . www.nimh.nih.gov . Dibukak ing 2020-05-17 .
5. ↑ Bisson, Jonathan I.; Cosgrove, Sarah; Lewis, Catrin; Roberts, Neil P. (2015-11-26). "Post-traumatic stress disorder" . BMJ (ing basa Inggris). 351 . doi : 10.1136/bmj.h6161 . ISSN   1756-1833 . PMID   26611143 .
6. ↑ Guina, Jeffrey; Rossetter, Sarah R.; DeRHODES, Bethany J.; Nahhas, Ramzi W.; Welton, Randon S. (2015-07). "Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" . Journal of Psychiatric Practice® (ing basa Inggris Amerika Sarekat). 21 (4): 281?303. doi : 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000091 . {{ cite journal }} : Check date values in: |date= ( pitulung )
7. ↑ Andreasen, Nancy C. (2010). "Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique" . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (ing basa Inggris). 1208 (1): 67?71. doi : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05699.x . ISSN   1749-6632 .
8. ↑ Yehuda, Rachel.; McFarlane, Alexander C.; Shalev, Arieh Y., 1945- (2000). International handbook of human response to trauma . New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. ISBN   0-306-46095-5 . OCLC   43342719 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
9. ↑ "When trauma tips you over: PTSD Part 1" . ABC Radio National (ing basa Inggris Ostrali). 2004-10-06 . Dibukak ing 2020-05-18 .
10. ↑ Andreasen, Nancy C. (2004). Brave new brain : conquering mental illness in the era of the genome (edhisi ka-1st ... Oxford Univ. Press pbk). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-516728-7 . OCLC   54532225 .
11. ↑ "Henry IV, Part I, Act II, Scene 3 :|: Open Source Shakespeare" . www.opensourceshakespeare.org . Dibukak ing 2020-05-18 .
12. ↑ Yamasue, H.; Kasai, K.; Iwanami, A.; Ohtani, T.; Yamada, H.; Abe, O.; Kuroki, N.; Fukuda, R.; Tochigi, M. (2003-07-22). "Voxel-based analysis of MRI reveals anterior cingulate gray-matter volume reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (ing basa Inggris). 100 (15): 9039?9043. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1530467100 . ISSN   0027-8424 . PMID   12853571 .
13. ↑ Vieweg, W. Victor R.; Julius, Demetrios A.; Fernandez, Antony; Beatty-Brooks, Mary; Hettema, John M.; Pandurangi, Anand K. (2006-05-01). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment" . The American Journal of Medicine . 119 (5): 383?390. doi : 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027 . ISSN   0002-9343 .
14. ↑ Fullerton, Carol S.; Ursano, Robert J.; Wang, Leming (2004-08-01). "Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Depression in Disaster or Rescue Workers" . American Journal of Psychiatry . 161 (8): 1370?1376. doi : 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1370 . ISSN   0002-953X .
15. ↑ Stern, Theodore A.,; Massachusetts General Hospital. Massachusetts General Hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry (edhisi ka-Second edition). London. ISBN   978-0-323-32899-9 . OCLC   905232521 . {{ cite book }} : |edition= has extra text ( pitulung ) CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
16. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder : the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care . London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence. ISBN   1-904671-25-X . OCLC   855725653 .
17. ↑ First, Michael B., 1956-. DSM-5 handbook of differential diagnosis (edhisi ka-First edition). Arlington, VA. ISBN   978-1-58562-999-2 . OCLC   864759427 . {{ cite book }} : |edition= has extra text ( pitulung ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )