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Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat
(
bahasa Inggris
:
United States House of Representatives
), bersama dengan
Senat Amerika Serikat
(
bahasa Inggris
:
US Senate
), adalah salah satu dari dua kamar pada
Kongres Amerika Serikat
. Masing-masing
negara bagian
diwakili dalam Dewan Perwakilan secara proporsional sesuai dengan jumlah penduduknya, namun masing-masing negara bagian sekurang-kurangnya mempunyai seorang Anggota Perwakilan. Jumlah seluruh Anggota Perwakilan saat ini ditetapkan 435 orang oleh Undang-Undang Pembagian (
Apportionment Act
) Tahun 1911, meskipun Kongres dapat meningkatkan jumlah itu. Masing-masing Anggota Dewan menjabat selama dua tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali untuk waktu yang tidak terbatas. Ketua Dewan disebut
Speaker
.
Konsep kongres
dua kamar
berasal dari keinginan para
Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat
untuk menciptakan sebuah "dewan perwakilan rakyat" yang sedapat mungkin menyerupai dan mengikuti
pendapat umum
, dibandingkan dengan Senat yang lebih diwarnai oleh perdebatan, yang lebih terdidik dan berhati-hati yang tidak begitu dipengaruhi oleh dorongan sentimen massa. Umumnya Dewan ini disebut "
majelis rendah
", dan
Senat
sebagai "
majelis tinggi
", meskipun
Konstitusi AS
tidak menggunakan istilah seperti itu. Konstitusi mensyaratkan bahwa persetujuan kedua dewan ini diperlukan agar suatu rancangan undang-undang dapat disetujui.
Setiap negara bagian Amerika Serikat mempunyai dua orang anggota
DPR
yang mempunyai masa jabatan 6 tahun, dan dapat dipilih kembali tanpa batas. Karena
Pemilu AS
diselenggarakan setiap dua tahun (setiap bulan November tahun genap), setiap kursi anggota DPR akan habis masanya setiap 3 kali pemilihan.
Saat ini, DPR Amerika Serikat terdiri dari 435 anggotanya.
-
Mayoritas parlemen
Tahun
|
Partai Politik
|
Demokrat
|
Republik
|
Independen
|
2000
|
212
|
221
|
2
|
2002
|
204
|
229
|
1
|
2004
|
202
|
232
|
1
|
2006
|
233
|
202
|
-
|
2008
|
178
|
257
|
-
|
2010
|
192
|
240
|
3
|
2012
|
|
|
|
- Galloway, George B.
History of the House of Representatives.
Edisi revisi, 1976. 408 hlm.
- MacNeil, Neil.
Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives
(1963) sejarah popular
- Peters, Ronald M., Jr.
The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective.
Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1990. 354 hlm.
- Polsby, Nelson W.
How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change
Oxford U. Press, 2003. 257 hlm.
- Poole, Keith T. and Howard Rosenthal,
Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting
Oxford University Press, 1997; menggunakan angka NOMINASI mereka untuk menangani daftar hadir
- Remini, Robert V.
The House: The History of the House of Representatives
(2006), sejarah yang standar, ditulis secara ilmiah
- Sinclair, Barbara.
Majority Leadership in the U.S. House.
Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1984. 263 hlm.
- Zelizer, Julian E. ed.
The American Congress: The Building of Democracy
(2004), tinjauan oleh sejumlah pakar
- David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins.
Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress
(2002)
- Brady, David W.
Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives.
U. Pr. of Kansas, 1973. 273 hlm.
- Cooper, Joseph.
The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House.
Rice U. Press, 1970. 167 hlm.
- Linda Grant de Pauw, Charlene Bangs Bickford, and Kenneth R. Bowling, eds.
Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789-March 3, 1791
(1992- 2006) 14 jilid dokumen primer
- Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler, "Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812,"
William and Mary Quarterly
29 (1972): 367-90;
- Henig, Gerald S.
Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland.
1973. 332 hlm. Pemimpin radikal dari masa Perang Saudara
- Klingman, Peter D.
Josiah Walls: Florida's Black Congressman of Reconstruction.
U. Press of Florida, 1976. 157 hlm.
- Lowitt, Richard.
George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861-1912 Vol. 1.
Syracuse U. Press, 1963. pemimpin pemberontakan Republikan pada 1910
- Margulies, Herbert F.
Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era
. Greenwood, 1996. 242 hlm.
- Patterson, James.
Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933-39
(1967)
- Robert V. Remini.
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(1992) . Ketua pada sebagian besar periode 1811-1825
- Strahan, Randall; Moscardelli, Vincent G.; Haspel, Moshe; and Wike, Richard S. "The Clay Speakership Revisited"
Polity
2000 32(4): 561-593. Issn: 0032-3497 menggunakan analisis daftar hadir
- Stewart, Charles H., III.
Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865-1921.
Cambridge U. Press, 1989. 254 hlm.
- Trefousse, Hans L.
Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian
(1997) pemimpin mayoritas pada 1860-an
- Waller, Robert A.
Rainey of Illinois: A Political Biography, 1903-34.
U. of Illinois Press, 1977. 260 hlm. Ketua dari Demokrat 1932-34
- Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa,
The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts
(2005). Diterbitkan setiap dua tahun sejak 1975; sangat terinci tentang setiap negara bagian, distrik dan anggota.
- Albert, Carl and Goble, Danney.
Little Giant: The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert.
U. of Oklahoma Press, 1990. 388 hlm. Ketua pada 1970-an
- Barry, John M.
The Ambition and the Power: The Fall of Jim Wright. A True Story of Washington.
Viking, 1989. 768 hlm. Ketua pada 1980-an
- Berard, Stanley P.
Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives.
U. of Oklahoma Press, 2001. 250 hlm.
- Congressional Quarterly
Congress and the Nation: 2001-2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses
(2005); sangat tebal, ringkasan yang sangat terinci tentang aktivitas Kongres, serta keputusan-keputusan eksekutif dan yudisial penting; berdasarkan
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
dan Almanak Tahunan CQ.
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1997-2001
(2002)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1993-1996
(1998)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1989-1992
(1993)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1985-1988
(1989)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1981-1984
(1985)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1977-1980
(1981)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1973-1976
(1977)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1969-1972
(1973)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1965-1968
(1969)
- Congressional Quarterly,
Congress and the Nation: 1945-1964
(1965), terbitan pertama dari seri ini
- Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.
Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House.
U. of California Press, 1993. 324 hlm.
- Currie, James T.
The United States House of Representatives.
Krieger, 1988. 239 pp survai singkat
- DeGregorio, Christine A.
Networks of Champions: Leadership, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives.
U. of Michigan Press, 1997. 185 hlm.
- Dierenfield, Bruce J.
Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia
U. Press of Virginia, 1987. 306 hlm. pemimpin
Koalisi konservatif
1940-66
- Farrell, John A.
Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century
Little, Brown, 2001. 776 hlm. Ketua Kongres dari Demokrat pada 1980-an
- Gertzog, Irwin J.
Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Treatment, and Behavior
Praeger, 1984. 291 hlm.
- Hardeman, D. B. and Bacon, Donald C.
Rayburn: A Biography.
Texas Monthly Press, 1987. 554 hlm.
- Hechler, Ken.
Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Committee on Science and Technology, 1959-79.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1980. 1073 hlm.
- Hibbing, John R.
Congressional Careers: Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives.
U. of North Carolina Press, 1991. 213 hlm.
- Jacobs, John.
A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton.
U. of California Press., 1995. 578 hlm. pemimpin Demokrat liberal pada 1970-an
- Jacobson, Gary C.
The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in U.S. House Elections, 1946-1988.
Westview, 1990. 152 hlm.
- Kiewiet, D. Roderick and McCubbins, Mathew D.
The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process.
U. of Chicago Press, 1991. 286 hlm.
- Merriner, James L.
Mr. Chairman: Power in Dan Rostenkowski's America.
Southern Illinois U. Pr., 1999. 333 hlm. Ketua Demokrat dari Sarana dan Prasarana pada 1980-an
- Price, David E.
The Congressional Experience: A View from the Hill.
Westview, 1992. 194 hlm. oleh seorang ahli ilmu politik yang berdinas di Dewan
- Rohde, David W.
Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House.
U. of Chicago Press, 1991. 232 hlm.
- Rohde, David W. and Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government,"
Congress & the Presidency
14 (1987): 111-33
- Schooley, C. Herschel.
Missouri's Cannon in the House.
Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth, 1977. 282 hlm. Mengetuai Apropriasi pada 1960-an
- Schickler, Eric.
Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress
(2001)
- Shelley II, Mack C.
The Permanent Majority: The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress
(1983)
- Sinclair, Barbara.
Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era.
Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1995. 329 hlm.
- Sinclair, Barbara.
Congressional Realignment, 1925-1978.
U. of Texas Press, 1982. 201 hlm.
- Steinberg, Alfred.
Sam Rayburn: A Biography.
Hawthorn, 1975. 391 hlm. biografi populer
- Strahan, Randall.
New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee.
U. of North Carolina Press, 1990. 218 hlm.
- VanBeek, Stephen D.
Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress.
U. of Pittsburgh Press, 1995. 227 hlm.
- Julian E. Zelizer.
On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948-2000
(2006)